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A&P 1 > Nervous System(intro): anna edited > Flashcards

Nervous System(intro): anna edited Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different parts of the CNS and PNS

A

CNS: brain + spinal chord, PNS: Nerves (Cranial and Spinal)

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2
Q

What are the 3 general functions of the nervous system? What does each one do?

A

Sensory, Integrative and Motor.
-Sensory: Detect changes and sends those changes as messages to the brain
-Integrative: Processing and prioritization of information; may generate motor response.
-Motor: Sends info to motor effectors

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3
Q

Organization of the sensory system

A

Afferent, Somatic and Autonomic.
-Afferent: Signals travel from tissue to CNS
-Somatic: sensory: Bones and Detect touch, temp, pain etc.
-Autonomic: sensory: Unconscious stuff, (visceral/organs)

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4
Q

Organization of Motor System

A

Efferent, Somatic, Autonomic.
-Efferent: Signals travel from CNS to effectors
-Somatic: Send signals to skeletal muscle
-Autonomic: Send info to viscera

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5
Q

What are the traits of the neuron?

A

-Excitable to electrical signals.
-Transmit signals to other cells.
-Secrete neurotransmitters.
-Neurons live for very long and don’t reproduce

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6
Q

Structure of Neuron

A

Dendrites, cell body and axons

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7
Q

Dendrite (definition)

A

Short branches that detect stimuli

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8
Q

Axon (definition) and parts

A

Long branches that release neurotransmitter.
-Axon Hillock
-Axon Collaterals
-Synaptic knob/terminals
-Synaptic vesicles

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9
Q

Nerve (definition)

A

Bundle of axons from brain to spinal chord

transmit impulses to brain or spinal chord

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10
Q

Single axon wrapped in what

A

endoneurium

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11
Q

Multipolar

A
  • One axon extends from cell body
  • Most common.
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12
Q

unipolar

A
  • One axon extends from cell body, - - Axon splits into central and peripheral processes
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13
Q

Bipolar

A
  • One dendrite and one axon extend from cell body,
  • sensory neurons for special senses
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14
Q

sensory neurons

A

Afferent and Unipolar

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15
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Receive and process information
  • Most common
  • Multipolar
  • CNS
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16
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent and Multipolar

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17
Q

Neuroglia

A

-Support and protect neurons

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18
Q

Astrocyte

A
  • CNS Neuroglia
  • helps form the blood brain barrier
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19
Q

Ependymal Cell

A
  • assists in production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
  • CNS
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20
Q

Microglial cell

A
  • CNS
  • phagocytic cell
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21
Q

oligodendrocyte

A
  • Myelinates CNS axons
  • CNS
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22
Q

Satellite cell

A
  • PNS
  • electrically insulates PNS cell bodies
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23
Q

Neurolemmocyte

A
  • myelinates PNS axons
  • PNS
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24
Q

Fascicles

A
  • groups of axons
  • wrapped in perineurium
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25
Entire nerve wrapped in what
epineurium
26
Myelination
Lipid wrapped around axolemma. Speeds up transmission of impulse.
27
Synapse
The point where neurons transmit information to another neuron/effector cell
28
Presynaptic neuron
releases neurotransmitters
29
Synaptic cleft
Small fluid filled gap between neurons.
30
Postsynaptic neuron
Receives signals
31
Events at the synapse
1. Neurotransmitters released from vesicles of axon terminals 2. Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to the postsynaptic cleft. 3. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors, initiating postsynaptic action potential.
32
Electrical synapse
Pre- and postsynaptic neurons bound by gap junctions -Connected cytoplasm -Fast; no synaptic delay -Cardiac and smooth muscle
33
Chemical synapse
-Presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter -postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitter
34
Segments of the neuron
Receptive, initial, conductive, transmissive
35
Neuron pumps
Active transport move substances against concentration gradient Sodium and potassium pumps, Calcium pumps
36
Neuron channels
-Pores in membrane that allow ions to move down concentration gradient
37
Leak channels
Part of Neuron channels (passive transport); always open, continuous diffusion.
38
Chemically-gated channels
Part of Neuron channels (active transport); opens when a neurotransmitter binds to receptor
39
Voltage-gated channels
Part of Neuron channels (active transport); opens when membrane charge changes
40
What protein does the entire membrane have?
Na+-K+ pumps and Na+ and K+ leak channels
41
What protein does the receptive segment have?
Chemically gated K+ and Cl- channels they also respond to neurotransmitter of pre synaptic neuron
42
What protein does the initial segment have?
Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels
43
what protein does the Transmission segment have?
Voltage gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ pumps
44
What is the resting membrane potential?
Neurons at rest have a charge of -70mv internally
45
Process of potential at the receptive segment
1. Dendrites receive chemical signal from presynaptic neuron 2. Neurotransmitters then bind to chemically gated ion channel (CGIC) and the channel opens, Na+, K+ or Cl- pass through 3. change in voltage determined by amount of chemicals 4. Must reach -55mv to initiate action potential
46
Local potential
shift of membrane potential in a localized area of the cell, threshold level not reached
47
Graded potential
shift in membrane potential that declines with distance from the source: threshold level not reached
48
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs)
Depolarization: influx of Na+
49
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs)
Hyperpolarization- efflux of K+ or influx of Cl-
50
Summation
The process that determines whether or not an action potential will be generated by the combined effects of the excitatory and inhibitory signals. Occurs on axon hillock (initial segment)
51
Temporal summation
A single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitter
52
Spatial summation
Multiple presynaptic neurons stimulate receptive region simultaneously
53
All or none law
If threshold reached, action potential will be generated and propagated down axon * If threshold not reached, voltage-gated channels remain closed, no action potential * All action potentials propagated with same intensity, even with values greater than threshold
54
Depolarization
Positively charged electrical current passing along axon to synaptic knobs 1. At rest, voltage-gated ion channels are closed 2. As Na+ enters, the voltage-gated ion channels open 3. Na+ crosses the axolemma, creating a positive current 4. after Na+ goes through the channel closes 5. steps 1-4 repeat across adjacent regions of axons
55
Repolarization
Returns to negative potential as K+ leaves cell 1. Depolarization causes K+ channels to open 2. K+ diffuses out of the cell causing negative membrane potential 3. steps 1-2 repeat in adjacent regions as impulse moves
56
Continuous conduction
* Occurs on unmyelinated axons * Charge opens voltage-gated channels, which spreads to adjacent region and opens more channels sequentially
57
Saltatory conduction
* Occurs on myelinated axons * Faster and requires less ATP to maintain RMP * Action potential occurs only at neurofibril nodes, where the axon’s voltage-gated channels are concentrated * Action potential propagated from node to node to terminals
58
Refractory period
* The time after an action potential during which the neuron cannot produce another action potential
59
release of neurotransmitter
1. action potential reaches synaptic knob 2. Calcium ion channels open and it enters the synaptic knob and binds with proteins 3. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft 4. neurotransmitter attach to receptors on next neuron
60
Neurotransmitters
Released by presynaptic neuron; trigger response in target cell I. Include: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, etc.
61
Functional classifications of neurotransmitters
Effect: -Excitatory (cause EPSP's) -Inhibitory (cause IPSP's) Action -Direct: bind to CGIC's -Indirect: bind to G-proteins and second messengers
62
Neuronal pools
Groups of neurons arranged in specific patterns
63
Converging circuits
Input converges at a single postsynaptic neuron
64
Diverging circuits
One presynaptic neuron sends information to multiple postsynaptic neurons
65
Reverberating circuits
Uses feedback to produce repeated, cyclical activity
66
Parallel-after-discharge circuits
Signal transmitted simultaneously along several paths to postsynaptic neuron

A&P 1 (27 decks)

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