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A&P 1 > The brain (and some cranial stuff) > Flashcards

The brain (and some cranial stuff) Flashcards

1
Q

Brain

A

Complex organ that allows complex sensational, intellectual and nervous activity to occur.

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2
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Neural extensions that send signals to and from the face, neck and torso
-5 senses

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3
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of protection for the brain.

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4
Q

Pia Mater

A

Adheres to brain
Areolar CT

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5
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Medial layer.
Arachnoid trabeculae extend to pia mater through subarachnoid
space.
Subarachnoid space contains CSF.

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6
Q

Dura Mater

A

Tough, outermost membrane.
Dense Irregular CT
Composed of 2 layers:
-Meningeal layer (deeper layer)
-Periosteal layer (superficial layer)

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7
Q

Epidural space

A

Between dura and skull; contains arteries and veins

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8
Q

Dural extensions

A

Form partitions between brain areas; provide support.
There are 4

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9
Q

Falx Celebri

A

Located on midline; separates R & L cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates occipital and temporal lobes from cerebellum

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11
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres

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12
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Forms “roof ” over sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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13
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

a network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain. It is derived from the pia mater and produces the cerebrospinal fluid.

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14
Q

Blood-brain Barrier

A

Regulate what substances enter the brain.
Composed of specialized capillaries
-wrapped by astrocytes
-tight junction connection

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15
Q

4 Functional Regions of the Brain

A

-Brainstem
-Diencephalon
-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum

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16
Q

Gyri

A

Outer fold (top of bumps)

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17
Q

Sulci

A

Inner folds
Fissures (deep sulci)

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18
Q

Medulla

A

Inferior regions of the brainstem

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19
Q

Pyramids

A

Crossing of somatic motor axons

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20
Q

Cardiac centers

A

Regulate heart rate and force

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21
Q

Respiratory centers

A

Regulates respiratory rate

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22
Q

Vasomotor centers

A

Regulates blood pressure

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23
Q

Pons

A

Bulging regions on anterior brainstem.
Controls the rate of involuntary respiration.

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24
Q

Midbrain

A

Superior portion of the brainstem

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25
Substantia nigra
Part of midbrain, releases dopamine to control movement -provide excitatory/inhibitory stimuli.
26
Periaqueductal gray
modulation of pain -inhabitation/facilitation of pain
27
Diencephalon
A region of the brain that includes: -Pineal gland (epithalamus) -Thalamus -Hypothalamus
28
Pineal gland
Sleepy time section of the brain Secretes melatonin
29
Thalamus
Receives all sensory information excluding smell. Sends information to all appropriate cerebral centers.
30
Hypothalamus
Controls the autonomic nervous system (ANS) Regulation of body temperature Control over the pituitary gland Regulation of thirst and hunger
31
Cerebrum
In charge of intellectual function. Includes: -Intelligence and reasoning. -Thought, memory, judgement -Voluntary movement -Visual + auditory function
32
Gray matter
In charge of processing sensation, perception, voluntary movement, learning, speech and cognition.
33
White matter
Enables communication of the different pieces of the brain. Comprised of myelinated axons. Tracts in the CNS Nerves in the PNS
34
Longitudinal fissure (sulcus)
Splits right and left hemispheres
35
Central sulcus
Boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes.
36
Corpus collosum
200 million axons that connect both hemispheres.
37
Cerebral lobes
Frontal -Central sulcus -Lateral sulcus Temporal Parietal -Parieto-occipital sulcus Occipital Insula
38
Frontal lobes
Handles executive function -in control of analysis, judgement, planning and personality Contains somatomotor cortex and Broca's area
39
Broca's area
Control muscles of speech production
40
Temporal lobes
Primary auditory cortex Contains Wernicke's area Primary olfactory cortex
41
Wernicke's area
In charge of language comprehension
42
Parietal lobes
Sensation from body Somatosensory area Tactile sensation (detect pressure)
43
Occipital lobes
Primary vision cortex
44
Insula
Involved in: Memory Consciousness Emotion Additionally is the primary gustatory complex (taste)
45
Postcentral gyrus
Primary sensory cortex Found within the parietal lobes Receives sensory info from the proprioceptors, touch, pressure, pain and temperature receptors "Sensory homunculus"
46
Precentral gyrus
Primary motor cortex Frontal lobes "Somatic motor area" "Motor homunculus"
47
Cerebral lateralization
Functional specialization of the 2 cerebral hemispheres Left hemisphere specializes in language production Right hemisphere specializes in visuospatial abilities -depth and distance perception
48
Cerebral nuclei
Centers deep in the cerebrum The striatum does subconscious movement and regulates muscle tone
49
CNS tracts
Myelinated axons that create neural pathways between different parts of the brain and spinal chord
50
Associated tracts
Same hemisphere Short tracts connecting neighboring nuclei called arcuate fibers Tracts connecting nuclei in different lobes are called longitudinal fasciculi (fibers)
51
Commissural tracts
Connect regions in different hemispheres
52
Projection tracts
Connect cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions
53
Cerebellum
Folia (folds) Vermis (connect left and right hemispheres) Primary fissures separates anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes Helps with coordination and balance Stores memories of previously movements Adjusts movements initiated by cerebrum Helps with balance
54
Cerebellar regions
Cerebellar cortex -outer gray matter Arbor vitae -inner white matter "branches" Peduncles -Connect brain to cerebellum
55
Limbic system
Emotional brain Composed of multiple centers that process emotion
56
Hippocampus
Forms long term memory
57
Parahippocampus gyrus
encoding and retrieving memories
58
Amygdala
Integration of emotions and emotional behavior
59
Cingulate gyrus
Integration center
60
Olfactory centers
Evoke memory from smell
61
Memory
Characterized in terms of stages: the length of time information remains available to us. Information processing begins in sensory memory, moves to short-term memory, with practice and retrieval moves to long-term memory.

A&P 1 (27 decks)

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