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A&P 1 > Bone, skeletal system: Anna made > Flashcards

Bone, skeletal system: Anna made Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal System includes:

A

Bones
Joints
Cartilage

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2
Q

Skeletal System functions:

A
  • Provides a framework for the body
  • Protects soft internal tissues
  • Acts as a lever system for movement
  • Provides reservoir for minerals
    • Calcium and phosphate
  • Hematopoiesis
    • Blood cell production
  • Stores energy
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3
Q

Spongy bone

A

Deep
Porous
red bone marrow

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4
Q

Compact bone

A

Superficial
dense

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5
Q

Axial skeleton

A
  • Forms “axis” of body
  • Skull bones, rib cage, vertebral column, hyoid
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6
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Bones of appendages
-Shoulder girdle
-Hip girdle

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7
Q

Long Bone examples

A

humerus
femur

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8
Q

Short bone examples

A

Carpals
tarsals

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9
Q

Flat bone examples

A

Cranial bone
sternum

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10
Q

Irregular bones examples

A

Vertebral
facial bones

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11
Q

Cartilage

A

semi rigid connective tissue
Types:
- Hyaline
- Smooth, gliding surface
- between joints, like the knee
- Fibrocartilage
- Weight-bearing
- vertebral discs, public symphysis
- Elastic
- External ear, epiglottis

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12
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

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13
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

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14
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

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15
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of long bone
- Proximal
- Distal

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16
Q

Metaphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate
- “Growth plate”
- Thin layer of hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal line (in adults)

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17
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Red marrow in children
Yellow marrow in adults

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18
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Lines medullary cavity
  • Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
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19
Q

Periosteum

A

Connective tissue wrapping of all bones
Two layers

Fibrous layer
- Perforating fibers
- Anchors vessels and nerves to bone surface
- Tendon/ligament attachment
Osteogenic layer
- Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

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20
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • Thin layer of hyaline cartilage
  • Covers joint surface
  • Reduces friction
  • Acts as shock absorber
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21
Q

Vessels enter bone from:

A

periosteum

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22
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

Vessels penetrate bone through small opening

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23
Q

Nerves

A
  • Accompany blood vessels through foramen
  • Most are sensory
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24
Q

Red bone marrow

A
  • Found in spongy bone
  • Hemopoietic
    • Blood cell production
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25
Yellow bone marrow
- Found in medullary cavity of long bones - Adipose tissue - Stored energy - May convert back to red bone marrow with severe anemia (reduced RBCs)
26
Where is red bone marrow found
Adults -> Axial skeleton - Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, os coxae, proximal epiphysis of humerus and femur Children -> Long bones - Spongy bone and medullary cavities
27
Mesenchymal cells
become osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells found in bone marrow) | Mes(sy) because there are many things it can become
28
Osteoprogenitor cells
become osteoblasts
29
Osteoblasts
produce and secrete osteoid (bone matrix)
30
Osteocytes
mature osteoblasts embedded in bone matrix
31
Osteoclasts
secrete enzymes involved in bone resorption - bone matrix broken down to release calcium and phosphate
32
Bone Matrix is made of:
Rings of collagen protein Hydroxyapatite Vitamins/minerals
33
hydroxyapatite
- Part of bone matrix - Calcium phosphate - Forms crystals - Hardens matrix - Provides strength and rigidity
34
required Vitamins/minerals in bone
- D for calcium absorption - C for collagen formation - Calcium and phosphate
35
Osteons
Structural unit of compact bone - Central canal ------- Vessels/nerves - Lamellae ------- Rings of calcified collagen fibers - Lacunae ------- House osteocytes - Canaliculi ------- Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc. ------- microscopic canals in bone that connect lacunae, or small cavities, that house osteocytes
36
Central canal
Vessels/nerves in center of osteon
37
Lamellae
Rings of calcified collagen fibers in osteon | Lamb running in a ring Lame ring made of collagen
38
Lacunae
House osteocytes
39
Canaliculi
microscopic canals in bone that connect lacunae Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc.
40
Trabeculae
- Meshwork of bony arches - make up spongy bone - Spaces filled with red bone marrow - Offer some resistance to stress
41
Chondroblasts
Produce matrix of Cartilage
42
Chondrocytes
Encased in matrix maintains surrounding cartilage
43
Perichondrium
- Dense irregular CT - Covers and protects cartilage - Except articular cartilage
44
Endochondral ossification
- Begins with hyaline cartilage only - Chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix - Osteoblasts migrate into cartilage and secrete osteoid (the unmineralized part of bone matrix) - Chondroblasts die leaving spaces, “cavitation” - Spongy bone - Periosteal bud invades new spongy bone - Diaphyses elongate and medullary cavity forms - Epiphyses ossify - Hyaline cartilage remains as epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage - Most bones of the skeleton
45
Intramembranous Ossification
Bone growth within a membrane Skull bones, mandible, clavicles
46
Interstitial growth
Growth in length Occurs at epiphyseal plate
47
Appositional growth
Growth in thickness Occurs at osteogenic layer of periosteum and endosteum
48
Bone Remodeling
- occures during the first 25 years of life, during bone repair, and in response to exercise - Occurs at periosteal and endosteal surfaces - Results from activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts - Influenced by hormones and mechanical stress
49
Importance of Calcium
Required for - Bone strength - Muscle contraction - Neural function - Cardiac function - Blood clotting Vitamin D required for calcium absorption - Vitamin D converts to calcitriol - Most active form hormonal form of vit D
50
Effects of Aging
Reduced rate of protein synthesis by osteoblasts - Decreased strength of bone - Bones become brittle and susceptible to fracture Bone loss of calcium and other minerals - Bones thinner and weaker - Osteopenia - Loss of bone mineral density (BMD)
51
Osteopenia
 Osteoblast activity declines while osteoclast activity remains the same  Vertebrae and epiphyses loose bone mass  Affects women more profoundly than me
52
Osteoporosis
-Reduced bone mass compromises bone function ----- Increased risk of fractures (wrist, hip, spine) -Occurs in significant percentage of older individuals ----- Postmenopausal women at most risk -Reduced hormones with age ----- Growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone
53
Bone Fractures: Stress
hairline fractures due to repeated impact
54
Bone Fractures: Pathologic
fracture due to disease process
55
Bone Fractures: Simple
bone breaks but does not break through skin
56
Bone Fractures: Compound
broken ends of bone break through skin
57
Bone Fractures: Greenstick
partial fracture; bone bends and frays
58
Bone Fractures: Colles
wrist fracture; “dinner fork” deformity
59
Bone Fractures: Compression
osteoporosis leads to fractures of vertebrae
60
Bone Fractures: Pott's
ankle fracture
61
Bone Repair
1. Fracture hematoma - Blood clot forms 2. Soft callus - Collagen deposited - Fibrocartilaginous CT forms 3. Hard callus - Osteoblasts build trabeculae 4. Remodeling - Osteoclasts remove excess - Compact bone develops
62
osteoid
the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that is created by osteoblasts.

A&P 1 (29 decks)

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