skeletal

Question 1

skeletal functions

Answer 1

provides framework, protects soft internal tissues, lever for movement, reservoir for minerals, red blood cell production and energy storage

Question 2

tendon

Answer 2

connects muscle to bone

Question 3

ligaments

Answer 3

connect bone to bone

Question 4

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 4

growth plate
hyaline cartilage
becomes epiphyseal line in adults

Question 5

Medullary cavity

Answer 5

Filled with red marrow as children and turns to yellow as adults

Question 6

Endosteum

Answer 6

Lines medullary cavity
Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

Question 7

Periosteum

Answer 7

CT wrapping of bones
fibrous and osteogenic

Question 8

Fibrous layer

Answer 8

Anchors vessels and nerves to bone surface
Tendon/ligament attachment

Question 9

Osteogenic layer

Answer 9

Osteoprogenitor cells,
osteoblasts, osteoclasts

Question 10

Articular cartilage

Answer 10

Thin layer of hyaline that covers the joint. reduces friction and absorbs shock

Question 11

Nutrient foramen

Answer 11

blood and nerves penetrate bone through these

Question 12

Mesenchymal cell

Answer 12

becomes osteoprogenitor cells

Question 13

osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 13

become osteoblasts

Question 14

osteoblasts

Answer 14

produce osteoid

Question 15

osteocyte

Answer 15

mature osteoblasts embedded in bone matrix

Question 16

osteoclast

Answer 16

dissolve and absorb bone

Question 17

Hydroxyapatite

Answer 17

Calcium phosphate
forms crystals
hardens matrix
provides strength

Question 18

Vitamin D

Answer 18

For calcium absorption

Question 19

Vitamin C

Answer 19

For collagen formation

Question 20

Lamellae

Answer 20

Rings of calcified collagen

Question 21

Perichondrium

Answer 21

Dense irregular CT
Covers and protects cartilage

Question 22

Endochondral ossification

Answer 22

Bone forms as hyaline cartilage model. Osteoblasts fill model and secrete bone matrix (osteoid). Leaves spongy bone. Periosteal bud enters. Diaphysis elongate and medullary cavity forms. Epiphysis ossify. Hyaline cartilage remains as epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage

Question 23

Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 23

Bone growth within a membrane
Skull bones, mandible, clavicles

Question 24

Interstitial growth

Answer 24

Growth in length
Occurs at the epiphyseal plate

Question 25

Appositional growth

Answer 25

Growth in thickness Occurs at osteogenic layer of periosteum and endosteun

Question 26

Calcium is required for

Answer 26

Muscle contraction Neural function Cardiac function Blood clotting

Question 27

vitamin D is needed for

Answer 27

calcium absorption converts to calcitriol

Question 28

Stress fracture

Answer 28

hairline fractures due to repeated impact

Question 29

Pathologic fracture

Answer 29

fracture due to disease process

Question 30

Simple fracture

Answer 30

bone breaks but does not break through skin

Question 31

Compound fracture

Answer 31

broken ends of bone break through skin

Question 32

Greenstick fracture

Answer 32

partial fracture; bone bends and frays

Question 33

Colles fracture

Answer 33

wrist fracture; “dinner fork” deformity

Question 34

Compression fracture

Answer 34

osteoporosis leads to fractures of vertebrae

Question 35

Pott’s fracture

Answer 35

ankle fracture

Question 36

Bone Repair

Answer 36

1. Fracture hematoma: Blood clot forms 2. Soft callus: Collagen deposited, Fibrocartilaginous CT forms 3. Hard callus: Osteoblasts build trabeculae 4. Remodeling: Osteoclasts remove excess, Compact bone develops