A&P 1 final unit 2

Question 1

Ionic bonds

Answer 1

Donation of electrons
-Form most inorganic compounds (salts, acids, bases)
-Dissociate in body fluids and conduct electricity
-Provide ions required for survival
-Sodium, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, etc.

Question 2

Covalent bonds

Answer 2

Sharing of electrons
-Occurs when both atoms require electrons
-Do not dissociate easily in body fluids
-Form organic compounds
-Always contain carbon
-Building blocks of cells
-Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 3

Function of water in the body

Answer 3

Transportation, lubrication, cushions, excretes wastes

Question 4

pH

Answer 4

<7 acidic
7- neutral (pure water)
>7 basic

Question 5

Acids

Answer 5

Increase concentration of free hydrogen

Question 6

Bases

Answer 6

Decrease concentration of free hydrogen

Question 7

Carbon

Answer 7

4th most abundant atom, backbone of organic compounds

Question 8

Biological Macromolecules

Answer 8

Large organic compounds synthesized by the
body, each with its unique “carbon skeleton.”

Question 9

Polymers

Answer 9

repeating subunits of monomers

Question 10

Proteins

Answer 10

Speed reaction (enzymes)
Support (structural proteins)
Movement (contractile proteins)
Transport (carrier proteins)
Protection (antibodies)
Chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds

Question 11

Protein synthesis

Answer 11

Amino Acid: monomer of proteins
Oligopeptide: small number of amino acids linked together
Polypeptide: many amino acids linked together
Protein: complex molecule composed of the folding of polypeptide chains

Question 12

Lipoproteins

Answer 12

Protein carriers that transport lipid molecules in plasma

Question 13

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

Answer 13

“Good” cholesterol
Carries cholesterol to liver to be eliminated

Question 14

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

Answer 14

“Bad” cholesterol
Risk of CVD and stroke

Question 15

Denaturation

Answer 15

Change in the shape of a protein; involves breaking of bonds
-Disturbs protein activity
-Usually irreversible
-May occur due to increased temperature or changes in pH

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

Molecules of fatty acids; not “true” polymers
Water insoluble

Question 17

Classifications of lipids

Answer 17

-Steroids
-Triglycerides
-Eicosanoids
-Phospholipids

Question 18

Steroids

Answer 18

component of cell membranes; steroid
hormones (ex: testosterone and estrogen);act
systemically

Question 19

Triglycerides

Answer 19

long term energy (fat)

Question 20

Eicosanoids

Answer 20

hormones (signaling molecules); act locally
primarily respond to inflammation (control blood flow and clotting)

Question 21

Phospholipids

Answer 21

make up cell membrane, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

Question 22

Types of triglycerides

Answer 22

Saturated (animal fats)
-Meat, butter, cheese
-Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated (plant fats)
-Olive, peanut, canola oils, nuts, seeds
-May liquify at room temperature
-Generally healthier
Trans fats
-Unsaturated liquid oils converted into solids; (shortening, margarine)
-Increase the risk of heart attack and stroke

Question 23

Lipogenisis

Answer 23

Formation of fat when there is excess glucose

Question 24

Lipolysis

Answer 24

Breaks down fat when glucose is needed

Question 25

Types of carbs

Answer 25

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Question 26

Monosaccharides

Answer 26

Simple sugar monomers (glucose, fructose)

Question 27

Disaccharides

Answer 27

Two linked monosaccharides (Sucrose (table sugar); lactose (milk sugar))

Question 28

Polysaccharides

Answer 28

Many linked monosaccharides; starches, cellulose, glycogen

Question 29

Glucose

Answer 29

Most common monosaccharide -Primary nutrient supplying energy to cells -Stored as glycogen

Question 30

Nucleic Acids

Answer 30

Store and transfer genetic information Two classes of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Question 31

DNA

Answer 31

Double-stranded nucleic acid -Located in the nucleus of cells -Monomers; Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

Question 32

Nitrogenous bases of DNA

Answer 32

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Question 33

RNA

Answer 33

Single-stranded nucleic acid -Located in nucleus and in cytoplasm of cell -Monomers: Ribose sugar and phosphate

Question 34

Nitrogenous bases of RNA

Answer 34

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

Question 35

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 35

Molecule of energy within every cell -Composed of nitrogenous base adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups -High-energy bonds between last two phosphate groups -Release energy when broken

Question 36

Enzymes

Answer 36

Biologically active catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions Only facilitate reactions that would already occur