A&P 1 Final unit 4

Question 1

Generic Human Cell

Answer 1

Three common characteristics
-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Cytosol
-Organelles

Question 2

Plasma Membrane

Answer 2

Phospholipid bilayer
-Hydrophilic & hydrophobic
-Membrane proteins

Question 3

Integral Membrane Proteins

Answer 3

Integrated within plasma membrane
Transport molecules across membrane

Question 4

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

Answer 4

Attached to surface of plasma membrane

Question 5

Transporters

Answer 5

channels, pumps and gates move substances across membrane

Question 6

Receptors

Answer 6

respond to neurotransmitters and hormones

Question 7

Identity markers

Answer 7

identify “self” to immune cells

Question 8

Enzymes in peripheral membrane

Answer 8

Catalyze chemical reactions

Question 9

Anchoring sites peripheral membrane

Answer 9

secure cytoskeleton to membrane

Question 10

Linkers peripheral membrane

Answer 10

cell-to-cell attachment

Question 11

Cholesterol

Answer 11

Lipoproteins
Strengthen membrane and stabilize against temperature extremes

Question 12

Glycolipids

Answer 12

Maintain membrane stability
Located on outer phospholipid region only

Question 13

Tight junctions

Answer 13

connect adjacent cells by sealing the intercellular space between cells preventing the paracellular movement of solutes, ions and water

Question 14

Desmosomes

Answer 14

mediate cell-cell contact and strong adhesion.

Question 15

Gap Junctions

Answer 15

clusters of intercellular channels that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells

Question 16

Nucleus

Answer 16

Houses DNA and RNA, handles protein production, cell growth and reproduction

Question 17

Nuclear membrane

Answer 17

Houses the nucleus, phospholipid bilayer
Allows passage in and out of the nucleus

Question 18

Nucleolus

Answer 18

Produces ribosomes

Question 19

Dna

Answer 19

Housed in the nucleus, double helix shape

Question 20

Chromatin

Answer 20

Unwound strands of protein that occurs during protein synthesis

Question 21

Chromosomes

Answer 21

Coiled DNA, occurs during cellular reproduction

Question 22

Genes

Answer 22

Coding for specific proteins

Question 23

Cytoplasm

Answer 23

Contains the cytosol and organelles.

Question 24

Cytoplasm

Answer 24

Fluid space within the cell that supports the organelles where lots of chemical reactions occur very rapidly

Question 25

Organelles

Answer 25

“Little organs” Perform the work of the cell Eight different organelles, each with specific function

Question 26

Mitochondria

Answer 26

Produces energy (ATP) preforms aerobic respiration, which involves combusting glucose and oxygen

Question 27

Ribosomes

Answer 27

Packages of RNA Involved in protein synthesis

Question 28

Transcription

Answer 28

Copy of a gene formed from DNA in nucleus

Question 29

Translation

Answer 29

RNA is translated into Amino acid chains making up a synthesized protein

Question 30

Bound ribosomes (Rough ER)

Answer 30

Proteins for export, part of membrane, enzymes in lysosomes

Question 31

Free ribosomes (cytosol)

Answer 31

All other proteins

Question 32

Rough ER

Answer 32

Site of ribosomal attachment Transport vesicles shuttle proteins to Golgi apparatus

Question 33

Smooth ER

Answer 33

Synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones Detoxification Calcium ion storage

Question 34

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 34

Sorts and packages macromolecules for cell maintenance, repair and transport

Question 35

Lysosomes

Answer 35

Immune cells, attacks and dissolves unwanted things

Question 36

Peroxisomes

Answer 36

Involved in lipid production

Question 37

Cytoskeleton

Answer 37

Provides the cell with structural support

Question 38

Centrosomes

Answer 38

Reorganize the cytoskeleton to move chromosomes to ensure each daughter cell receives the appropriate number of chromosomes Comprised of 2 centrioles

Question 39

Proteosomes

Answer 39

Eats messed up proteins

Question 40

Cilia

Answer 40

Protein projections that wave substances past the cell "mucus elevator"

Question 41

Flagella

Answer 41

tails that enable things like sperm to swim

Question 42

Villi

Answer 42

Finger-like projections of cell membrane that increase surface area for absorption -Small intestine

Question 43

Passive transport

Answer 43

No cellular energy required Substances move down concentration gradient Osmosis and diffusion

Question 44

Active transport

Answer 44

Requires cellular energy Substances moved up concentration gradient

Question 45

Diffusion

Answer 45

-Passive -Moves from higher to lower concentration uses kinetic energy. A steeper gradient or higher temperature increases diffusion rate

Question 46

Simple diffusion

Answer 46

Molecules move unassisted between phospholipid molecules. Small and nonpolar solutes. Not regulated by plasma membrane

Question 47

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 47

Transport process for small charged or polar solutes Requires assistance from plasma membrane proteins can be channel or carrier mediated

Question 48

Osmosis

Answer 48

Movement of water, not solutes Passive movement of water through semipermeable membrane Osmosis is promoted by differences in water concentration on either side of a membrane

Question 49

Isotonic solution

Answer 49

ECF and cytosol have same solute concentration No net movement of water in/out of cell

Question 50

Hypotonic solution

Answer 50

ECF has lower solute concentration than cytosol Water moves into cell

Question 51

Hemolysis

Answer 51

cell ruptures

Question 52

Hypertonic solution

Answer 52

Solution with higher concentration of solutes than cytosol Water moves from inside cell to outside

Question 53

Crenation

Answer 53

cell shrinks

Question 54

Active transport process

Answer 54

Solute moves against concentration gradient

Question 55

Primary and secondary (active) transport

Answer 55

primary uses atp secondary uses a secondary substance

Question 56

Vesicular transport

Answer 56

Movement of large substances with vesicle Move out is exocytosis, moving in is endocytosis

Question 57

symport

Answer 57

two substances moved in the same direction

Question 58

antiport

Answer 58

two substances moving In opposite directions

Question 59

pinocytosis

Answer 59

ingestion into cell via invaginations

Question 60

phagocytosis

Answer 60

cell eating

Question 61

exocytosis

Answer 61

contents of a cell vacuole are released outside the cell

Question 62

Ligands

Answer 62

Chemical messengers released by one cell to signal either itself or a different cell