Autonomic Nervous System: Anna made

Question 1

Somatosensory function

Answer 1

• Consciously controlled
• Sensory information from tissue to CNS
• Muscle, joints, skin, special senses

Question 2

Somatomotor function

Answer 2

• Consciously controlled
• Motor information from CNS to skeletal muscle
• Voluntary control from cerebrum
• Involuntary/reflexive from brainstem and spinal cord

Question 3

Autonomic Function

Answer 3

• Processes regulated below conscious level
  
  • Responds to visceral sensory inputs
  • Signals from CNS to heart, smooth muscle, glands
  • Maintains homeostasis

Question 4

Hypothalamus

Answer 4

 ANS control center
 Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses
 Influenced by frontal cortex and limbic system

Question 5

Brainstem

Answer 5

Controls visceral reflexes
- Blood pressure regulation
- Direction of blood flow
- Cardiac activity

Question 6

Spinal cord

Answer 6

Controls two important visceral reflexes
- Urination and defecation

Question 7

ANS Ganglia

Answer 7

Collection of neuron al bodies found in the peripheral nervous system (synapses)

Question 8

Posterior root ganglion

Answer 8

Cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons

Question 9

Sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

Answer 9

Synapsing of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

Question 10

Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 10

• “Sex and digest”
   Regeneration of tissue, absorption of nutrients, energy diverted to digestive, reproductive, urinary, and immune systems

Question 11

Sympathetic Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 11

• “Fight or flight”
   Emergency response, exercise, excitement

Question 12

Parasympathetic “Craniosacral” Division

Answer 12

• Originates at cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and sacral nerves 2, 3, 4
• Long preganglionic neurons
• Synapse with short postganglionic fibers
  - Ganglions found close to organs

Question 13

Terminal ganglia

Answer 13

• Parasympathetic
• Close to effector organ

Question 14

Intramural ganglia

Answer 14

• Parasympathetic
• Embedded in the wall of the organ

Question 15

Sympathetic “Thoracolumbar” Division

Answer 15

-Originates in lateral horn of spinal segment t1 to L2
-Short preganglionic neurons
-Synapses with long postganglionic neurons
-Ganglia found close to spinal column

Question 16

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Answer 16

On either side of the spinal column
Essentially operate as a relay station for the Sympathetic Nervous System
-Myelinated presynaptic neurons originate in lateral horns of spinal cord
Three options for synapsing:
1. Synapse in ganglion with postsynaptic neuron
2. Axon passes through ganglion and continues as part of splanchnic nerve
3. Axon ascends/descends in chain to synapse at higher or lower levels and continues as part of that spinal nerve

Question 17

White Rami

Answer 17

Myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons from nerve to ganglion
-“Exit ramp” from nerve; “entrance ramp” to ganglion

Question 18

Gray Rami

Answer 18

Unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic axons from ganglion to spinal nerve

Question 19

Sympathetic Spinal Nerve Pathway

Answer 19

• Preganglionic myelinated axons synapse in ganglion with unmyelinated postganglionic neuron
   Postganglionic axons returns to spinal nerve
• Targets integumentary structures

Question 20

Postganglionic Sympathetic Nerve Pathway

Answer 20

• Myelinated preganglionic axons synapse with unmyelinated postganglionic neurons in ganglion or ascend/descend chain to synapse with postganglionic neuron
• Targets head, neck, thoracic viscera
   Cardiac nerve innervates heart

Question 21

Splanchnic Nerve Pathway

Answer 21

• Postganglionic axon passes through ganglion without synapsing
• Continues as part of splanchnic nerve
   Greater splanchnic nerve
   Lesser splanchnic nerve
   Least (lowest) splanchnic nerve
• Targets abdominal and
  pelvic viscera

Question 22

Adrenal Medulla Pathway

Answer 22

• Preganglionic axon passes through ganglion to lesser splanchnic nerve
• Targets adrenal glands
   Stimulates release of adrenaline from adrenal glands
   Maintains fight or flight response

Question 23

Acetylcholine

Answer 23

 Neurotransmitter of parasympathetic division
 Cholinergic neurons
- All ANS preganglionic neurons
- All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
 Target cells have cholinergic receptors

Question 24

Norepinephrine

Answer 24

 “Catecholamine”
- Neurotransmitters of sympathetic division
 Adrenergic neurons
- Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic
 Target cells have adrenergic receptors

Question 25

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 25

 Bind acetylcholine  Found on postganglionic neurons and adrenal medulla cells  Always excitatory  Directly opens ion channel - Sodium moves into cell - Cell depolarizes - Faster

Question 26

Muscarinic receptors

Answer 26

 Bind acetylcholine  Found in all target organs of parasympathetic division  Excitatory or inhibitory  Muscarinic receptors use second messengers - Rather than directly opening channel, a signaling cascade sends message - Slower

Question 27

Alpha (α) receptors

Answer 27

 Bind norepinephrine  Stimulated by NE

Question 28

Beta (b) receptors

Answer 28

-bind norepinephrine -stimulated or inhibited by NE -b1 = stimulated -b2 = inhibited -b3 = either

Question 29

Autonomic Tone

Answer 29

- Balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems - Dual innervation  Most effectors innervated by both ANS divisions simultaneously  Regulation of activity  Heart rate  Blood pressure  Tone of smooth muscle of digestive tract  Bronchodilation/ constriction

Question 30

Autonomic Reflexes

Answer 30

“Visceral reflexes”  Shortest pathway between stimulus and response  Includes: Receptor, Sensory neuron, CNS integration center, Motor neuron, Effector

Question 31

Cardiovascular reflex

Answer 31

Blood pressure - Autonomic Reflex

Question 32

Gastrointestinal reflex

Answer 32

Defecation - Autonomic Reflex

Question 33

Micturition reflex

Answer 33

Urination - Autonomic Reflex