Bacteria 2

Question 1

2 examples of common upper respiratory infections caused by normal flora?

Answer 1

1) Ottis media

2) sinusitis

Question 2

What causes upper respiratory infections via normal flora?

Answer 2

Blockage of sinus ostia, estachian tube by virally induced or allergic inflammation

Question 3

What causes invasive Upper respiratory disease in neonates?

Answer 3

E. coli and Group B Strep

Question 4

What causes IURD in children 1-5?

Answer 4

H. influenzae type B

Question 5

What cause IURD in adolscents and young adults?

Answer 5

N. meningitidis

Question 6

What causes IURD in all age groups?

Answer 6

Strep pneumoniae

Question 7

What is the key to pathogenicity for bacteria?

Answer 7

Encapsulation

Question 8

Where does the pathogenesis begin?

Answer 8

Upper respiratory infection

Question 9

What happens after the initial Upper respiratory infection?

Answer 9

Invasion of bacteria into deep tissues and bloodstream

Question 10

What happens when the bacteria is disseminated in the body?

Answer 10

Bacteremia

Question 11

What leads to vascular leakage?

Answer 11

Endothelial and macrophage activation by LPS

Question 12

Vascular leakage leads to what?

Answer 12

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Question 13

Infections with encapsulated organisms require what that Staph and strep infections don’t?

Answer 13

Antibodies or complement

Question 14

What is a splenic condition that increases susceptibility to encapsulated organisms?

Answer 14

Asplenia

Question 15

Where is Pneumococcus found?

Answer 15

Normal Upper respiratory flora

Question 16

What does Pneumococcus look like?

Answer 16

Gram + diplococcus

Question 17

Pneumococcus virulence factors?

Answer 17

Capsule and PspC (Pneumococcal surface protein C)

Question 18

Disease caused by Pneumococcus?

Answer 18

Sepsis and meningitis

Question 19

Where is N. meningitidis?

Answer 19

Exogenous

Question 20

What does N. meningitides look like?

Answer 20

Gram -, diplococcus

Question 21

Virulence factors of N. meningitides?

Answer 21

Capsule and LPS

Question 22

Disease caused by N. meningitides?

Answer 22

DIC, sepsis, meningitis

Question 23

Where is N. gonorrhea found?

Answer 23

Exogenous

Question 24

What does N. gonorrhea look like?

Answer 24

Gram - diplococcus

Question 25

Virulence factors of N. gonorrhea?

Answer 25

Capsule and LOS

Question 26

Diseases of N. gonorrhea?

Answer 26

Septic arthritis

Question 27

Where is H. influenza found?

Answer 27

Normal flora, type B exogenous

Question 28

What does H. influenza look like?

Answer 28

Gram - pleomorphic

Question 29

Virulence factors of H. influenza?

Answer 29

Capsule and LPS

Question 30

Disease caused by H. Influenzae?

Answer 30

Sepsis and meningitis

Question 31

What does invasive disease lead to?

Answer 31

Bacteremia

Question 32

What is found on bacterial capsule that causes Sepsis or DIC?

Answer 32

LPS or PspC

Question 33

Why do encapsulted bacteria and meningitis go to CSF?

Answer 33

No complement for opsonization

Question 34

In sepsis what does LPS stimulate?

Answer 34

Toll Like Receptors to induce systemic cytokine secretion and endothelial cell activation

Question 35

What is DIC?

Answer 35

Systemic coagulation caused by bacteria

Question 36

What limits Gonococci's ability to cause DIC?

Answer 36

They have LOS instead of LPS

Question 37

Most common caused of community acquired pneumonia ?

Answer 37

Strep pneumoniae

Question 38

What special attachment does Strep pneumoniae have on its polysaccharide capsule?

Answer 38

PspC

Question 39

What virulence factor of Strep Pneumoniae inhibits alternate complement pathway?

Answer 39

PspA

Question 40

Who is the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for?

Answer 40

Children younger than 5 and adults with risk factors

Question 41

Who is the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for?

Answer 41

Children two years or older

Question 42

What is one of the main nutritional requirements for Neisseria?

Answer 42

Iron

Question 43

Where is Neiserria found?

Answer 43

Not normal flora, exogenous

Question 44

Incubation time N. meningitides?

Answer 44

Less than a week

Question 45

What is N. meningitidis susceptible to?

Answer 45

Penicillin

Question 46

What causes the petechial rash in N. meningitidis?

Answer 46

Microhemorrhages in capillaries

Question 47

What is Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome?

Answer 47

Hemorrhage into adrenals

Question 48

Are vaccinations effective for meningococcal disease?

Answer 48

Yes, doesn't cover group B though which is biggest in neonates

Question 49

Why do N. meningitidis vaccines not work in neonates?

Answer 49

Neonates cannot respond to capsular antigen vaccine

Question 50

How does N. Gonorrhea differ from N. Meningitidis?

Answer 50

Different capsule allows different behavior

Question 51

Where does N. Gonorrhea attach?

Answer 51

Columnar and transitional epithelia mucous membranes of genital tract, rectum, and nasopharynx

Question 52

N. Gonorrhea IgA protease allows for what?

Answer 52

Evasion of mucosal immunity

Question 53

Why has it been difficult to make a vaccine for N. Gonorrhea?

Answer 53

Antigenic variability

Question 54

What is a defining characteristic of H. influenza?

Answer 54

Unencapsulated mostly

Question 55

What can make H. influenza dangerous?

Answer 55

Encapsulation and endotoxin

Question 56

What is the window of vulnerability for invasive disease of Type B?

Answer 56

3 months to 3 years due to bad protective antibody response to type B capsular antigens

Question 57

What is a good way to vaccinate toddlers and infants with Type B?

Answer 57

Conjugate capsule with protein

Question 58

What causes Diphtheria?

Answer 58

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Question 59

What causes the membrane formation of Diphtheria?

Answer 59

Local epithelial necrosis which releases exotoxin A

Question 60

What is characteristic of Whooping Cough?

Answer 60

Lymphocytosis

Question 61

What does the exotoxin of Whooping Cough do?

Answer 61

Leads to local ciliary paralysis

Question 62

What does the DPT vaccine do for cases of Whooping Cough?

Answer 62

Gives immunization to Exotoxin

Question 63

What is the Pertussis vaccine called?

Answer 63

Tdap for 10 years and older, DTaP for children younger than 7 years

Question 64

What does Diphtheria look like?

Answer 64

Gram + rod

Question 65

What does the exotoxin do in Diphtheria?

Answer 65

Inhibits protein synthesis and leads to fatty myocardial changes

Question 66

Biggest reason for death with Diphtheria?

Answer 66

Cardiac failure

Question 67

What type of infection are UTIs generally?

Answer 67

Gram negative infections

Question 68

What are the 2 main types of gram - infections?

Answer 68

1) Spread of organisms that have colonized GI tract | 2) Contamination of tissues and materials from hospital environment

Question 69

Cause of most uncomplicated UTIs in absence of obstruction?

Answer 69

E. coli

Question 70

What causes suppurative infections of abdominal cavity?

Answer 70

Secondary to obstruction, perforation, and trauma

Question 71

What is Klebsiella pneumonia associated with?

Answer 71

Aspiration in hospital setting

Question 72

Characteristic of Klebsiella and Enterobacter in septicemia?

Answer 72

Association with thick mucoid capsule

Question 73

Defining characterstic of proteus marabilis?

Answer 73

Staghorn pyelonephritis due to chronic pyelonephritis

Question 74

What does Serrate marcescens cause?

Answer 74

Pneumonia and UTIs

Question 75

What defines Pseudomonas aeruginosa histologically?

Answer 75

Blue haze around blood vessels

Question 76

What is the common pathogenic organism in cystic fibrosis?

Answer 76

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 77

Outbreak of Legionella associated with?

Answer 77

Community outbreaks associated with contaminated aerosolized water supplies

Question 78

Biggest problem with Legionella?

Answer 78

Fibrinopurulent necrosis of pulmonary tissue

Question 79

How does helicobacter pylori survive in the stomach?

Answer 79

Urease creates protective layer of ammonia around organism

Question 80

What causes gingival infections?

Answer 80

Peptostreptococcus