HIV 1 and 2

Question 1

What’s prevalence?

Answer 1

cases per population

Question 2

What’s incidence?

Answer 2

cases per unit of time

Question 3

What age range are new AIDS diagnoses in?

Answer 3

35-40

Question 4

What is one cure for AIDS?

Answer 4

Bone marrow transplant using donor mutation

Question 5

Where is the mutation that cures AIDS?

Answer 5

CCR5-delta32

Question 6

Which fluids can transmit HIV?

Answer 6

Blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk

Question 7

Is HIV diagnosis higher in males or females?

Answer 7

Males

Question 8

Main cause of HIV transmission in males?

Answer 8

Male to male sexual contact

Question 9

Main cause of HIV transmission in females?

Answer 9

Heterosexual contact

Question 10

Which race has highest rate of HIV?

Answer 10

African Americans

Question 11

Why is generation X of concern?

Answer 11

Optomistic in that they haven’t seen themselves die of AIDs

Question 12

What is the one cure for AIDs?

Answer 12

Mutation of CCR5 delta 32 from bone marrow donors with said mutation

Question 13

Which fluids cannot transfer HIV/no cases reported?

Answer 13

Saliva, tears, sweat

Question 14

Where does HIV survive in the environment?

Answer 14

It doesn’t. Dries and dies

Question 15

3 routes of infection for neonates?

Answer 15

1) Transplacental
2) Infected birth canal
3) Ingestion of breast milk

Question 16

Risk of passing to child in infected untreated mother?

Answer 16

30%

Question 17

Risk of passing to child in which mother and infant treated with HAART therapy?

Question 18

Birth by C-section better or worse for transmission?

Answer 18

Better

Question 19

Which genus of retroviruses is HIV related to?

Answer 19

Lentivirus

Question 20

Difference between HIV 1 and 2?

Answer 20

HIV 2 less aggressive

Question 21

Where would I find HIV 1?

Answer 21

US and Central Africa

Question 22

Where would I find HIV 2?

Answer 22

India and West Africa

Question 23

Function of Glycoprotein 120 (gp120)?

Answer 23

Mediates binding to CD4

Question 24

Function of Glycoprotein 41 (gp41)?

Answer 24

Fusion to cell membranes

Question 25

Lipids inside viral envelope are obtained from where?

Answer 25

Host cell

Question 26

Where can I find the major capsid protein p24 of the HIV virus?

Answer 26

The core

Question 27

What is the function of p24?

Answer 27

Diagnostic antibodies

Question 28

Purpose of the nef accessory gene?

Answer 28

Inhibits apoptosis

Question 29

Normal ratio of CD4 to CD8?

Answer 29

2:1

Question 30

Ratio of CD4 to CD8 during AIDs?

Answer 30

1:2

Question 31

Where does the HIV virus bind?

Answer 31

CD4 molecules on lymphocytes, macrophages, and glial cells

Question 32

Proliferation of HIV virus is activated by what?

Answer 32

Cell activation of the CD4 related molecules

Question 33

What kills the CD4 cells?

Answer 33

Cell lysis from viral replication or immune response to infected cells

Question 34

What happens to uninfected CD4 cells?

Answer 34

They are activated and die by activation induced cell apoptosis

Question 35

Approach to HIV treatment?

Answer 35

Inhibit viral replication and activation of infected cell

Question 36

At what CD4 level do you have AIDs?

Question 37

Which secretes have higher level of the virus genital or plasma?

Answer 37

Genital

Question 38

Concurrent inflammation/infections can lead to high transmission rates due to?

Answer 38

Breaks in mucosa

Question 39

How does the virus get in?

Answer 39

Breaks in mucosa or adhereance to dendritic cells in the mucosa

Question 40

Co-receptor for entry into the cells?

Answer 40

Gp120

Question 41

Where are high amounts of CCR5 found?

Answer 41

Genital dendritic cells and GI lymphoid tissue

Question 42

Resistant individuals are homozygous for what mutation?

Answer 42

CCR5 mutation

Question 43

What mutation happens late in infection?

Answer 43

CCR5 receptors change to CXCR4

Question 44

Difference between CCR5 and CXCR4?

Answer 44

CCR5 on monocytes and lymphocytes | CXCR4 on T-lymphocytes

Question 45

What can delay the switch from CCR5 to CXCR4?

Answer 45

Viral replication inhibitors

Question 46

What does CXCR4 cause?

Answer 46

Syncitia formation of lymphoid tissues

Question 47

What serves as a viral reservouir?

Answer 47

Seeding of lymphoid tissue throughout body

Question 48

Where is there an increase in viral proliferation and cytotoxicity?

Answer 48

Activated lymphocytes

Question 49

What do follicular dendritic cells serve as?

Answer 49

Viral reservoir due to no migration

Question 50

What causes the initial decay of CD4?

Answer 50

Virus specific CD8 T-cell response

Question 51

In the absence of significant levels of plasma viral RNA what will happen to HIV?

Answer 51

Continues to proliferate in lymphoid reservoirs

Question 52

What is goal of HIV therapy?

Answer 52

Prolong latent phase

Question 53

What 3 factors destroy the immune system?

Answer 53

CD4 loss CD8 loss Viral evolutionary changes

Question 54

Where is there extensive early loss of CD4?

Answer 54

Peyers patches

Question 55

Major problem with early loss of CD4 from peyer's patches?

Answer 55

Products of gut pathogens released and activate mmune system which activates immune cells

Question 56

How does HIV affect CD8?

Answer 56

Makes them sticky (CD69) | Retains them within lymph nodes

Question 57

How is immune function inhibited by gp120 binding?

Answer 57

Antigen presentation cannot take palce