bacterial stds Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
what causes chlamydia
A
chlamydia trachomatis
2
Q
what causes trachoma
A
chlamydia trachomatis
3
Q
what causes Gonorrhea
A
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
4
Q
what causes Syphilis
A
Treponema pallidum
5
Q
gram stain Chlamydia trachomatis
A
negative, no peptidoglycan
6
Q
gram stain Neisseria gonorrhoeae
A
negative
7
Q
gram stain Treponema pallidum
A
negative, no LPS
8
Q
size Chlamydia trachomatis
A
.3 micrometers
9
Q
size Neisseria gonorrhoeae
A
.6-1.0 micrometers
10
Q
size Treponema pallidum
A
5-15 micrometers
11
Q
morphology Chlamydia trachomatis
A
coccoid
12
Q
coccoid
A
elongated sphere
13
Q
morphology Neisseria gonorrhoeae
A
diplococci
14
Q
diplococci
A
two spheres
15
Q
morphology Treponema pallidum
A
spirochete
16
Q
spirochete
A
spiral
17
Q
what is the most common STD
A
C. trachomatis (chlamydia)
18
Q
how many reported cases of chlamydia reported daily
A
100 million +
19
Q
how many US cases of chlamydia in 2015
A
1.5 million
20
Q
why does chlamydia spread so easily …..
A
75% of infected females
50% of infected men
are……ASYMPTOMATIC BUT CONTAGIOUS
21
Q
why is c. trachomatis an interesting species
A
gram-negative ISH
22
Q
why is C. trachomatis gram-negative ISH
A
no peptidoglycan at all
23
Q
why does it mean if there is no peptidoglycan at all in C. trachomatis
A
peptidoglycan-targeting antibiotics will not work
24
Q
how many serotypes of chlamydia exist
A
at least 15
25
what does it mean if chlamydia has many serotypes
you can get it over and over again
26
C. trachomatis can be described as an
obligate intracellular parasite
27
why is C. trachomatis an obligate intracellular parasite
it can only grow inside human cells because it cannot produce its own ATP
28
what does C. trachomatis usually target
epithelial cells in the urinary tract or conjunctiva
29
conjunctiva
inner surface of eyelids
30
in infants, when inhaled, C. trachomatis can cause
pneumonia
31
does C. trachomatis invade WBCs
no
32
two forms C. trachomatis comes in
- reticulate body
| - elementary body
33
reticulate body C. trachomatis
larger, less dense, divides quickly
34
elementary body C. trachomatis
small and dense, acts like an exposure
35
elementary bodies of C. trachomatis are very very
very hardy, very small
36
smallest elementary body of C. trachomatis
(small as .25 micrometers)
37
like exospores, elementary body of C. trachomatis can
- survive harsh external conditions
| - form back into a reticulate body after invading cell
38
in females, C. trachomatis infections begin
in the cervix, cause
- pain
- fever
- abnormal menstruation
- discharge
39
if C. trachomatis goes untreated, (in females)
can spread, move far up the reproductive tract and cause inflammation
40
in what percentage of cases do C. trachomatis in females do they move very far up the reproductive tract and cause inflammation
40 % of cases
41
when C. trachomatis bacteria moves up the reproductive tract and causes inflammation it is called
PID
42
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
43
symptoms of PID vary from
none to severe
44
women with extensive PID can develop
- infertility (20%)
| - high risk of ectopic pregnancy for life (9%)
45
ectopic pregnancy
when a fertilized zygote implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus and starts growing there
46
leading cause of maternal death in pregnancy
ectopic pregnancy
47
in most cases of chlamydia in men >>>.
in infects the urethra
48
if chlamydia in men goes untreated.... it can
spread to the testes, leading to inflammation
49
if chlamydia in men spreads to the testes it can cause
- random discharge
- cloudy or painful urination
- epididymitis
50
epididymitis in men is
inflammation of the epididymis, causes sperm damage RARELY>>> infertility
51
why are men better at spreading chlamydia
it attaches to sperm, C. trachomatis is aflagellate
52
rates of chlamydia are higher
much higher in women than men
53
chlamydia infection in conjunctiva can be caused when
C. trachomatis travels from the reproductive tract to eye, or eye to eye
54
result of C. trachomatis in the eye
swelling of the eyelid called trachoma
55
trachoma from C. trachomatis slowly
scratches the cornea of the eye
56
trachoma and it scratching the cornea leads to
- permanent vision problems
| - sometimes blindness
57
tracho is the number 1
number 1 cause of blindness in the world
58
trachoma is estimated to be responsible for how many cases of blindness worlwide
1.3 million and 8 million
59
when does WHO hope to eradicate trachoma
by 2020
60
life cycle
EB attaches, enters>> becomes RB>>> binary fission>>>> reorganize to EBs, lysis and release of EBs>> Attachment
61
gonorrhea is commonly called
- the clap
| - sometimes gonorrhoea
62
gonorrhea is caused by
N. gonorrhoeae
63
Gonorrhea is a close second for
most common STD in the world, still 100 million + cases a year
64
Gonorrhea in USA,
less common , 400,000 cases a year
65
is gonorrhea spread easily
YES
66
how many females infected with gonorrhea are asymptomatic
80% asymptomatic
67
how many males infected with gonorrhea are asymptomatic
10% asymptomatic
68
what are N. gonorrhoeae's main for the immune system
their pili
69
... N. gonorrhoeae have how many different pili observed indifferent serotypes
over 1 million
70
since N. gonorrhoeae have many pili observed in different serotypes
you can get reinfected a LOT
71
infection of N. gonorrhoeae is often called
gonococcal infection
72
N. gonorrhoeae bacteria are what type of pathogens
facultative intracellular pathogens
73
facultative intracellular pathogens are
like living inside host epithelial cells, but can survive outside as well
74
does N. gonorrhoeae invade WBCs
no (...maybe sometimes)
75
in the first step of invasion, N. gonorrhoeae uses
type IV fimbriae to pull bacteria towards epithelial cells
76
N. gonorrhoeae use type IV fimbriae to pull bacteria towards epithelial cells in the
- reproductive tract
- rectum
- eyes
- parts of pharynx
77
in the first step of invasion, N. gonorrhoeae uses _______ to stop
uses proteases and mucinases to stop mucus along the cells from breaking them down
78
once N. gonorrhoeae arrive at epithelial cells
use endocytosis to pass into epithelial cells
79
once N. gonorrhoeae enters the epithelial cells, some bacteria
- lie dormant and grow
| - or pass through the bottom of the epithelial cell deeper into the body
80
what comes to kill N. gonorrhoeae
neutrophils, nut most are repelled
81
because neutrophils aren't working....to kill N gonorrhoeae
the body send more to an area, resulting in lots of pus
82
LPS in gonorrhea
also causes inflammation
83
N. gonorrhoeae infections very closely
resemble C. trachomatis infections
84
symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae and chlamydia (women)
are the same, both can cause PID if travel to far in reproductive system
85
PID from both Gonorrhea and chlamydia
can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy
86
one big difference of symptoms of gonorrhea and chlamydia
how fast it is
87
gonorrhea onsets within how many days of sex
2-5 DAYS
88
chlamydia infections onsts within how long after sex
1-3 WEEKS
89
how to tell chlamydia and gonorrhea apart
swap then culture
90
gonorrhea and chlamydia pathologies in males
nearly the same , gonorrhea onsets faster
91
gonorrhea symptoms in males
almost always shows them
92
most notable symptoms of gonorrhea in males
discharge of a mixture of mucus and pus
93
because of its symptoms, gonorrhea in men almost always gets
treated before it moves deeper in the tract
94
if gonorrhea in men moves further in the tract
can also cause epididymitis
95
very important (gonorrhea?) to distinguish
epididymitis from testicular torsion
96
testicular torsion
a twisting of the testes leading to immediate ischemia and necrosis thereafte
97
ischemia
not enough blood to tissues
98
testicular torsion
similar symptoms, but is considered a medical emergency
99
testicular torsion is NOT
not bacterial
100
N. gonorrhea in the eye
- symptoms are less severe than chlamydia
| - pink eye
101
Gonorrhea that enters the bloodstream
latches onto joints and causes gonococcal arthritis
102
gonococcal arthritis
most common type in juveniles and young adults,
| in 5-10% of gonorrhea infections
103
gonococcal arthritis symptoms
include pain and swelling, usually subside once treated w/ antibiotics
104
gonococcal arthritis may require
drainage
105
Treponema
genus of disease causing bacteria many species
106
most significant species of Treponema
Treponema pallidum
107
Treponema pallidum can be broken
into 4 subspecies
108
what subspecies of Treponema pallidum causes syphilis
T. pallidum, subspecies pallidum
109
other Treponema pallidum subsidies cause
rare skin diseases
110
Treponema bacteria are gram and shapes
gram-negative (ish)spirochetes, spiral shaped
111
Treponema bacteria are gram-negative ish because
they do not have LPS like others
112
T. pallidum cannot be cultured , no obvious
without human cells, no obvious virulence factors
113
four stages of syphilis
- primary
- secondary
- latent
- tertiary
114
which stages of syphilis are contagious
primary, secondary, tertiary
115
primary syphilis
3-5 days after expsosure
116
secondary syphilis
6-24 weeks after exposure
117
latent syphilis
no outward symptoms for 1-45 years
118
tertiary syphilis
Rarely progresses this far
119
tertiary syphilis is less than what % of cases
less than 30% and only when it goes untreated w/antibiotics)
120
only symptoms primary syphilis
formation of a chancre or multiple chancres
121
chancre (syphilis)
painless wart-like lesions where the bacteria are burrowed inside
122
where do chancres occur>> ON THE
ON THE
- penis
- vagina
- anus
123
where do chancres occur INSIDE THE `
INSIDE THE
- mouth
- cervix
- anus
124
chancres are EXTREMELY
extremely contagious
125
chancres usually subside
within 2 months
126
secondary syphilis comes from when the
bacteria enter the blood stream
127
when T. pallidum, subspecies pallidum enters the bloodstream
attach throughout the body and cause a variety of symptoms
128
secondary syphilis is difficult to
tricky to diagnose because the symptoms are so varied and widespread
129
syphilis is often called
the great imitator
130
in latent syphilis the body slowly
develops more and more B- and T- cells to fight off T. pallidum
131
eventually, in latent syphillis, the B cells and T cells are
ble to keep the infection at bay.
132
during latent syphilis, since the infection has
has spread to practically all body structures, it is still present in the body but dormant
133
during latent syphilis, each time the infection "breaks ou"
typically tackled quickly and no symptoms develop
134
why is the latent stage of syphilis latent
body has the infection under control (although not cleared).
135
many cases of latent stage syphilis
do not progress
136
people in latent syphilis
not contagious
137
what usually causes a persons immune system to weaken when they have syphilis
aging or HIV
138
if a persons immune system with latent syphilis weakens
progress into tertiary syphilis
139
tertiary syphilis usually presents as
gummata
140
singular gummata
gumma
141
what are gummata
type of ineffective granuloma formed by the immune system
142
in the tertiary stage, gummata can form almost
almost anywhere in the body
| -depends on where the bacteria are replicating
143
gummata are VERY
very contagious
144
tertiary syphilis often damages the
walls of blood vessels, causing aneurysm and eventually hemorrhage
145
aneurysm
weakening of vessel
146
hemorrhage
rupture of vessel
147
tertiary stage syphilis can damage blood vessels running to
the brain or other organs
148
if tertiary syphilis damages blood vessels running to the brain
impaired mental function
149
if tertiary syphilis damages blood vessels running to other organs
causes organ necrosis
150
most sever and common form of damage to walls from tertiary stage syphilis
damage of the wall of the aorta, causes aortic swelling
151
if tertiary syphilis damages of the wall of the aorta, causes aortic swelling
eventually lead to aortic rupture
152
tertiary syphilis can cause the aorta to
SWELL
153
chladmydia , gonorrhea , syphilis are treated by
antibiotics, becoming resistant :(
154
what is T. pallidum becoming resistant to
azithromycin
155
what is gonorrhea becoming resistant to
cipro
156
chlamydia is becoming resistant to
multiple drugs
