virulence factors and infection quiz Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
obligatory steps for infectious “bugs”
A
- entry or attachment to the body
- evasion of the immune system
- shedding from/exiting the host
- causing damage or disease-associated processes in the host*
2
Q
bacterial parts that allow obligatory steps for infectious bugs are called
A
virulence factors
3
Q
many bacteria enter the body through
A
cuts in the skin
4
Q
for bacteria that do not enter through cuts in the skin
A
they need to pass through a mucus layer
5
Q
two ways bacteria can pass through a mucus layer (Entry to the Body)
A
sigA proteases
mucinases
6
Q
the protection of mucus membranes across the body s mediated by
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antibody secretory IgA (sigA)
7
Q
sigA is found
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in extremely high concentrations in the airway and GI tract
8
Q
why would bacteria release sigA proteases
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destroys human IgA antibodies
9
Q
destruction of human IgA antibodies causes what
A
neutralizes host defense in those areas, allows bacteria to live there
10
Q
mucinases
A
enzymes that degrade the proteins inside mucus
11
Q
mucinases allow what for bacteria
A
allows them to settle on or under mucus membranes
12
Q
many bacteria have what for attachment to body
A
pilli
fimbriae
13
Q
singular of pilli
A
pilus
14
Q
singular of fimbriae
A
fimbria
15
Q
fimbria and pilus can be used interchangeably
A
yes, for some pilus is only for conjugation
16
Q
pili and fimbriae are what on most bacteria
A
peritrichous
17
Q
peritrichous
A
projections all over its surface
18
Q
pili act as
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feelers for bacteria
19
Q
when pili feel a desired surface
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shorten and pull the bacterium in
20
Q
pili are more prevalent in what
A
gram-negative bacteria
21
Q
adhesive proteins that stick to other proteins
A
adhesins
22
Q
membranes of many microbes have
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special type of adhesins
23
Q
what are the special adhesins that the membranes of many microbes have
A
MSCRAMMs
24
Q
MSCRAMMs
A
Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules
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roles of MSCRAMMs
target host cells and allow for tight connections between them and bacteria
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human cells are coated in what proteins for MSCRAMMS to targe
- transport
- receptor
- adhesion
- glycoproteins
27
role of transport proteins
move things in or out of cells
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characteristics of transport proteins
- opened and closed
| - very selective
29
role of receptor proteins
help the inside and outside of the cell communicate
30
which proteins usually work together in human cells
transport and receptor
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example of adhesion proteins in human cells
integrins
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role of adhesion proteins
help stick cells in place
33
characteristics of adhesion proteins
- grab onto collagen in the extracellular space
| - grab onto other integrins on other cells to hold hands
34
role of glycoproteins
stick carbon chains into the extracellular space, forming a glycocalyx around a cell (CELL ID)
35
different MSCRAMMs target
different types of host membrane proteins
36
bacteria also have their own
OWN GLYCOCALYX
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integrin proteins connect cell to
to extracellular collagen
38
different bacteria attack the body by
colonizing different surfaces
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bacteria choosing to live on outer epithelial layer
try to outcompete normal flora, but it is hard
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bacteria choosing to live into deeper extracellular space
burrow way through epithelial layer to get there
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bactiera choosing to live inside ...
inside the host cell
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bacteria deliberately eaten by phagocyte
so they can reproduce inside a phagosome or phagolysosome.
43
after reproducing inside a phagocyte or phagolysosome a bacteria can
pop out or keep living there
44
depending on how deep into skin a pathogen gets
the manifestation of infection varies
45
where does Y. pestis grow
inside white blood cells
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some bacteria come with a very THICK
thick glycocalyx.. called slime layer
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inside the slime layer there is
thinner layer of proetins called the S layer
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proteins of S layer
highly variable between species
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the slime layer and S layer provide the bacteria with
partial defense from phagocytes and covers some of the bacteria's PAMPs
50
example of bacteria w/ slime layer
streptococcus pneumoniae
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what caues gonorrhoea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
52
pili are what in Neisseria gonorrhoeae
the immunodominant structure
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pili being the immunodominant structure in Neisseria gonorrhoeae means
predominantly N. gonorrhoeae’s pili that are recognized by antibodies.
54
different strands of N. gonnorhoeae
different structures of pilli; over1 million different pilus structures
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N. gonnorhoeae having so many different plius structures causes
memory B cells to be useless against it, makes people prone to reinfection
56
the N. gonorrhoeae phenomenon is a tactic many other bacteria and virus use called
antigenic variation
57
bacteria that live inside a host cell
need to find a way to escape
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some ways of exiting the host leave the host cell intact,
some do not
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1 st way of exiting the host
-settle inside vacuole and drive vacuole out
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2nd way of exiting the host
hijack cellular machine designed to secrete proteins through exocytosis
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3rd way of exiting the host
pop a big hole in the cell's membrane, causing it to die
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bacteria often cause collateral
damage to surrounding tissues
63
humans cells towards____ have ____
towards mucosal linings have hyaluronic acid in their membrane as a mortar
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hyaluronic acid is very
large molecule (molecular weight in millions), largely unknown functions
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hyaluronic acid functions
largely unknown
66
some pathogenic bacteria secrete what to break down hyaluronic acid
hyaluronidase
67
why do bacteria secrete hyaluronidase
to break down hyaluronic acid to use its carbons for own processes
68
result of bacteria using hyaluronidase to break down hyaluronic acid
damage to cell membranes, cellular death
69
iron is
essential nutrient for bacteria, difficult to come across
70
iron is necessary to build
peroxidases and operate an electron transport chain
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electron transport chains are
important for ATP production in bacteria
72
easiest place for bacterial colony to find iron in the human body
hemoglobin found in blood
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because iron is found in the blood, bacteria secrete
hemolytic enzymes called hemolysins
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why do bacteria secrete hemolysins
to steal the body's iron from hemoglobin
75
bacteria can also cause damage through
toxins
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two types of toxins that bacteria have
endotoxins, exotoxins
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endotoxin
refers to LPS in the membrane of gram-negative bacteria
78
LPS
lipopolysaccharides
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why is LPS dangerous to humans - reason 1
-cause vast increase in secretion of cytokines cause inflammation and swelling
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why is LPS dangerous to humans - reason 2
-leads to release of histamines.... causing vasodilation
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why is LPS dangerous to humans - reason 3
-leads to activation of coagulation cascade
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coagulation cascade
cascade that leads to the formation of thrombi (blood clots
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LPS puts people at risk for
septic shock, heart attack, and stroke.
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exotoxins
diverse class of toxins, all proteins created by a bacterium
85
1st thing that exotoxins can do
are secreted and act on surrounding issue
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examples of exotoxins that act on surrounding tissue
hyaluronidase and hemolysin
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2nd thing that exotoxins can do
enter cells and ribosylate host proteins
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how does an exotoxin ribosylate a host protein
add ADP+ ribose... turns proteins on or off... often off
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3rd thing that exotoxins can do
break turn certain proteins such as sigA
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4th thing that exotoxins can do
other mechanisms
91
in the case of exotoxins, symptoms..
not cause y bacterium themselves but by the exotoxins secreted
