shock 2 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
shocks of the airway
A
respiratory shock
anaphylactic shock
2
Q
inhalation begins
A
with the nose, but can start with the mouth
3
Q
after air being inhaled in the nose
A
in the nasal cavity.. air is warmed and moistened
4
Q
what is after the nasal cavity
A
the pharynx
5
Q
pharynx function
A
holds food and air
6
Q
what is after the pharynx
A
epiglottis
7
Q
epiglottis function
A
directs food down the esophagus and air down the larynx
8
Q
what is after the epigottis»_space;> larynx
A
trachea
9
Q
trachea is heavily coated in
A
in mucus and cilia and filters the air before it enters the lungs
10
Q
at the entrance of the lungs….
A
the trachea splits into left and right bronchi
11
Q
bronchi split into
A
smaller and smaller bronchioles»_space;> which then break into alveoli
12
Q
what happens in the alveoli
A
gas exchange
13
Q
bronchi can be categorized
A
based on how many branches have aready occured
14
Q
at the base of the trachea there is …
A
division into left and right primary bronchi
15
Q
the _____ bronchus is significantly bigger
A
right
16
Q
all immediate divisions from the primary bronchi
A
secondary bronchi
17
Q
how many secondary bronchi in the left lung
A
two
18
Q
how many secondary bronchi in the right lung
A
three
19
Q
which part of the lung has 3 lobes
A
right
20
Q
branches from secondary bronchi
A
tertiary bronchi
21
Q
branches after tertiary brinchi
A
4th order, 5th order etc….
22
Q
when do bronchi become bronchioles…
A
no cartilage in the walls … only elastin
23
Q
respiratory shock
A
failure of gas exchange in the lung
24
Q
respiratory shock is typically caused by
A
trauma to the lungs or airway
25
respiratory shock happens because
pleural effusion
atelectasis
pulmonary edema
26
pleural effusionn
pleural cavity has been compromised
27
atelectasis
air is not making it to the alveoli
28
pulmonary edema
alveoli are filled with fluid
29
each lung is surrounded by
two concentric sacs, together called the pleurae
30
more deep of sacs surrounding the lungs
visceral pleura
31
more superficial of sacs surrounding the lungs
parietal pleura
32
there should usually be what between pleurae and lungs
few millimeters of pleural fluid to lubricate (otherwise empty)
33
pneumothorax
air gets trapped in the pleural cavity
34
hemothorax
blood gets trapped in the pleural cavity
35
hemopneumothorax
Blood and air gets trapped in the pleural cavity
36
hydrothorax
water gets trapped in the pleural caviy
37
urinothorax
urine gets trapped in the pleural cavity
38
pyothorax
pus gets trapped in the pleural cavity
39
tension pneumothorax
special pneumothorax... pressure builds up in the pleura and pushes heart to the side... causing drop in blood pressure
40
pleural effusion
any of the things where there is fluid in the lungs
41
tension pneumothorax can be
immediately life-threatening... by causing other types of shock
42
pneumothorax.. hemothorax and hemopneumothorax are called
punctured lunsg
43
how to treat punctured lungs
inserting a chest tube
44
atelectasis is a blockage
of the lungs, preventing air from making to the alveoli
45
where does atelectasis usually happen
in bronchi or bronchioles
46
reason 1 for atelectasis
mucus plug blocks the airway
47
treatment for mucus plug blocking the airway
percussion on the chest
48
reason 2 for atelectasis
physical blockkages (i=kids inhaling toys)
49
treatment for physical blockages
bronchoscopy
50
reason 3 for atelectasis
tumor in the lungs
51
treatment for a tumor in the lungs
removal
52
note atelectases
not all are that bad
53
pulmonary edema is the buildup
buildup of fluid (most often blood ) in the lungs
54
why is pulmoary edema different from a pleural effusion
pleural effusion is a buildup of fluid around the lungs
55
two categories of pulmonary edema
cardiogenic
| noncardiogenic
56
cardiogenic edema
caused by low-functioning heart
57
noncardiogeic edema
caused by variety of other factors
58
in both cardiogenic and noncardiogenic edema....
alveoli fill with fluid and cannot facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
59
anaphylactic shock
deficiency in perfusion due to anaphylaxis
60
anaphylaxis
severe allergic reaction
61
people with allergies,.....
have immune systems that recognize mostly harmless substances, such as pollen, as danger
62
in an allergic reaction.. the body releases
histamine
63
histamine functions
as a neurotransmitter or hormone to activate many different responses in the body
64
example of receptor histamine binds to
periphery receptor; caused bronchoconstriction>>can't breathe>shock
65
histamine binds to
variety of receptors
66
symptoms of histamine binding to receptors
```
Hives
Vomitting
Diarrhea
Light-Headedness
Swelling of mouth / air way
shortness of breath
low blood pressure
abnormally slow or fast heart rate
```
67
worst of histamine symptoms
swelling of the airway>>> can't inhale or exhale.>> cant breathe>> death
68
antihistamines
antagonists for histamine receptors
69
by blocking histamine receptors
block them from sending danger signals and inhibit stuff
70
antihistamines specifically target which receptors
H1 receptors
71
H1 receptors are found
in the peripheral NS and central NS
72
first-generation antihistamines
passed through blood brain barrier and blocked H1 receptors everywhere
73
H1 receptors in the CNS
wakefullness, appetite,
74
second-generation antihistamines
can no longer pass through the blood brain barrier because they are lipophobic
75
what particles are best at passing through the blood brain barrier
small, lipophilic, uncharged
76
antihistamines are usually....
small. uncharged, mostly lipophilic
77
distributive shock
failure of blood vessels to bring blood to the right place
78
circulatory system can be broken into ...
the pump, the container, the stuff
79
distributive shock is a problem with
the container... it is too big
80
what types of shock are caused by distributive shock
anaphylactic shock
neurogenic shock
Psychogenic Shock
Septic Shock
81
Anaphylactic shock
deficiency in perfusion due to to anaphylaxis
82
another important function of periphery H1 receptors
vasodilation
83
H2 receptors are primarily
involved in vasodilation
84
second scariest of symptoms cause by histamine
low blood pressure .... if it drops too low... a patient is at risk for distributive shock (even though the respratory shock is fixed)
85
neurogenic and psychogenic shock come from
failure of the nervous system to control muscles that regulate blood vessels
86
three types of muscle tissues
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
87
skeletal muscle
can be voluntarily controlled and is found in and round important organs
88
smooth muscle
cannot be voluntarily controlled and is found in and around important organs
89
cardiac muscle
cannot be voluntarily controlled and is found only in the heart
90
smooth muscles are found....
in blood vessels and control vasoconstriction or vasodilation
91
vasodilation and vasoconstriction
crucial for blood pressure
92
too much dilation
blood pressure drops
93
too much contriction
blood pressure spikes
94
distributive shock is caused by
excessive vasodilation
95
how are smooth muscles controlled
not by CNS, by hormones
96
the sympathetic pathway of smooth muclses releases
epinephrine and norepinephrine
97
sympathetic pathway
- Also called the “fight or flight” response
| - Causes many effects, including vasoconstriction across most blood vessels and an increase in heart rate
98
time sympathetic pathway
-Acts and dissipates in seconds
99
parasympathetic pathway releases
acetylcholine (ACh)
100
parasympathetic pathway
Also called the “feed or breed” response-Causes many effects, including vasodilation across most blood vessels and a decrease in heart rate-
101
parasympathetic pathway time
acts and dissipates in minutes -- longer
102
signals for each the parasympathetic and sympathetic responses are carried from
the brain down the spinal cod to reach blood vessels i abdomen and legs
103
when the spinal cord is severed..
each system is wiped out and the body loses control of all smooth muscles
104
since the parasympathetic nervous system takes so long to dissipate
we see extreme vasodilation
105
failure of nervous system to regulate_____
failure to regulate blood pressure... neurogenic shock
106
vagus nerve
long nerve in the body responsible for stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system
107
vagus nerve is stimulated
by many things
| ..... each released ACh and causes vasoldilation and slowed heart rate
108
when the vagus nerve is triggered,,,,
vasovagal response
109
vasovagal response
-results in low blood pressure, short term deficiency of oxygen to the brain>>> syncope
110
is the vasovagal response dead
almost always not
111
syncope
fainting
112
important chemical released in response to infection and help fight it
cytokines
113
too big infection
too many cytokines released>>> bad stuff
114
usually cytokines are made to...
recruit white blood cells, which release more cytokines in a positive feedback loop
115
cytokine positive feedback loop is supposed
to stay localized and get shutoff at a certain point
116
in an infection gets too big...
the body does not shut down cytokines.... cytokine stor
117
result of cytokine storm
widespread inflammation
118
widespread inflammation from cytokine storm can lead to
ARDS>> which can lead to death
119
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
120
cytokine storms can also lead to
severe damage to blood vessels when they dilate too much and for too long>>>
121
svsere damage to blood vssels leads to
blood spilling int the extracellular space
122
blood spilling into the extracellular space causes
reddish slotches on the skin >> petechiae
123
blood spilling into extracellular space also leads to
decreased oxygen delivery to cells>>> shock
