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chemo quiz 1 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment of cancer involving the administration of one or more anti-cancer drugs

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2
Q

chemotherapy drugs exhibit

A

systemic toxicity

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3
Q

what is systemic toxicity

A

they affect all cells in the boy (some ore than others)

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4
Q

what are the types of chemo

A

drugs that stop the formation of new DNA by impending creation of its building blocks

drugs that damage or bind to existing DNA so it can’t be correctly copied

drugs that impede mitotic spindle from forming

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5
Q

components of DNA

A

phosphate
sugar backbone (deoxyribose )
nitrogenous bases

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6
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

purines and pyrimidines

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7
Q

purines

A

A and G

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8
Q

pyrimidines

A

C and T ( and U )

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9
Q

without phosphate and nitrogenous bases

A

we can’t make DNA… the cell has to find ways to build each of these building blocks

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10
Q

many chemotherapeutic drugs

A

try to stop cell from forming building blocks of dna

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11
Q

purine production

A

carbon and nitrogens inside come from amino acids

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12
Q

exceptions in synthesis of purines

A

carbons labeled 2 and 8 are pulled from folic acid

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13
Q

another name for folic acid

A

folate

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14
Q

purines look like

A

bigger&raquo_space; 2 rings

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15
Q

pyrimidines look like

A

smaller&raquo_space; 1 ring

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16
Q

does the body use folate in its natural form to make purines

A

no&raquo_space;> first need to be converted into

tetrahydrofolate

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17
Q

enzyme that turns folate and tetrahydrofolate

A

folic acid reductase

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18
Q

THF

A

tetrahydrofolate

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19
Q

without folic acid reductase

A

no THF… purines can’t be synthesized

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20
Q

one of oldest chemotherapeutic drugs

A

methotrexate

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21
Q

what does methotrexate do

A

stop the production of purines A and G

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22
Q

methotrexate’s chemical structure

A

very similar to that of folic acid

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23
Q

methotrexate is so similar to folic acid that

A

folic acid reductase would rather bind to it than folic acid

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24
Q

what is different between folic acid and methotrexate

A

CH3

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25
methotrexate is a ______ of ______
competitive inhibitor of folic acid reductase
26
why is methotrexate a competitive inhibitor of folic acid reductase
``` it has the same shape (of folic acid) and competes for the active site in the enzyme. ```
27
inhibitors
drugs that stop enzymes from doing jobs
28
types of inhibitors
- Competitive inhibitors - Noncompetitive inhibitors - Uncompetitive inhibitors
29
competitive inhibitors
compete for the binding site
30
if the competitive inhibitor is there
the substrate cannot bind
31
noncompetitive inhibitors
do not compete... they bind elsewhere
32
if the noncompetitive inhibitor is there
substrate can still bind to the | enzyme, but the reaction does not occur.
33
in uncompetitive inhibitor........
the substrate | MUST bind first.
34
after substrate binds first in uncompetitive inhibitors
the inhibitor will bind to the complex and stop reaction from happening
35
uncompetitive inhibition will generally
trap the substrate inside, too!
36
when Folic acid reductase and methotrexate stick to each | other......
folic acid reductase’s binding site is now full, it will never make THF
37
if there is no THF....
This means the cells can’t produce purines anymore. This means the cells can’t produce DNA anymore. This means DNA replication can’t happen this means mitosis can't happen >>> gg cancer
38
when THF isn't made the cell's original dna ...
original, inherited DNA is still fine
39
5-FU
5-Flurouracil
40
5-FU also called
adrucil
41
5-FU is a
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
42
specifically 5-FU stops synthesis of
thymine
43
thymine is made
from uracil in many steps
44
one of most important steps of making thymine from uracil
conversion of dUMP into dTMP
45
dUMP to DTMP conversion is catalyzed by
enzyme thymidylate synthase
46
thymidylate synthase prefers
binding to breakdown product of 5-FU rather than dUMP
47
what breakdown product does thymidylate synthase prefer binding to
FUMP
48
when thymidylate synthase binds and sticks to FUMP
dTMP is not synthesized, thymine is not synthesized
49
result of dTMP is not synthesized....
thymineless death
50
what is a drug that falls into category of chemotherapeutic drugs that damage or bind to existing DNA so it can't be copied
cisplatin
51
what happens when cisplatin enters cells
two chlorine groups grab onto an atom
52
when cisplatin enters cells its two chlorine groups grab onto what atom
the 7th nitrogen of guanine groups
53
when cisplatin 2 chlorine groups bind to 7th nitrogen of guanine groups
forms cross-links between them, causes the DNA to fold into unusual shapes
54
what type of cross-linkages can cisplatin cause
inter-strand or intra-strand cross-linkages
55
what happens in both intra-strand and inter-strand cross-linkages
the double helix DNA becomes warped and p53 detects DNA damage
56
when p53 detects DNA damage
leads to apoptosis
57
cisplatin is what based
platinum
58
other platinum based drugs are...
carboplatin | oxaliplatin
59
other platinum-based drugs cause
cross-linkages , end in platin
60
what works to form a different kind of cross-linkage between nucleotides
alkylating agents
61
how do alkylating agents work
instead of using platinum they add an alkyl group
62
what is an alkyl group
a nitrogen with a chain of carbons on each side
63
like-platinum based drugs, alkylating agents attach to
the 7th nitrogen of guanines
64
many alkylating agents fall
fall into a class of molecule that mimic mustard gas
65
what are alkylating agents that fall into a class of molecule that mimic mustard gs
nitrogen mustards
66
what is the most common nitrogen mustard
cyclophosphamide
67
anthracyclines
another class of chemotherapeutics
68
unique mechanism of anthracyclines
INTERFERE with the function of DNA topoisomerase II
69
as dna is used
it gradually coils up more and more
70
as dna coils up,what need to be released
torsional stress on the molecule needs to be released
71
DNA topoisomerase function
release torsional stress on DNA
72
how does DNA topoisomerase do its job
creates a small "nick" in DNA coils, untwists the DA, and then repair the nick
73
if the stress in DNA does not get repaired (by DNA tpoisomerase)
the DNA is eventually damaged and the cell will die
74
Anthracyclines generally have names that.....
end in rubicin
75
important anthracyclines
doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and epirubicin
76
what are the drugs that damage to bind to existing DNA so it can not be copied
cisplatin (platin) alkylating agents anthracyclines (rubicin)
77
drugs that stop the formation of new DNA by impeding the creation of its building blocks
methotrexate | adrucil (5-FU or 5-Fluorouracil)
78
mitotic spindle
integral part of cell division
79
fibers in the mitotic spindle are made of
microtubules `
80
what do fibers do in the mitotic spindle
grab onto chromosome pairs and pull them apart
81
without the mitotic spindle
cell division cannot happen
82
what are microtubules made of
two proteins
83
what 2 proteins are micotubules made of
alpha-tubulin , beta-tubulin
84
what do alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin do
form tubulin dimers which repeat over and over in a coil, forming a long tube
85
what are vinca alkaloids
bind to tubulin dimers and inhibit them from joining a microtubule
86
with vinca-alkaloids, the dimer-alkaloid complexes do what
form crystals which can cause damage to cell parts
87
5 most common vinca alkaloids
vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, vinflurine
88
vinca alkaloids names
vin-
89
failure of the mitotic spindle + extra damage will lead too
activation of p53
90
to function correctly in spindles.... microtubules must
undergo polymerization | undergo depolymerization
91
polymerization
building up
92
depolymerization
being broken down again
93
the spindle only works when
when microtubules are broken apart, pulling pieces towards an end
94
taxanes
class of drug that bind to fully formed microtubules and inhibit depolymerization
95
wif the microtubules do not to depolymerization
the spindle does not operate>>> p53>>> death
96
taxanes usually end in
taxel
97
what impede the mitotic spindle from forming
taxanes
98
anthracyclines orginated from what
streptomyces peucetius... a species of soil dwelling bacteria
99
vinca alkaloids were originally derived from
species of periwinkle found in madagascar
100
taxanes were first discovered where
in the bark of yew tree

pathophysiology (24 decks)

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