.....the flu .......... Flashcards by Aiyana Mate

influenza and ebola are caused by

Baltimore group V viruses

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what type of RNA causes influenze and ebola

ssRNA

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what else are caused by group V viruses

Measles, mumps, rubella, rare and lesser-known disease

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influenza and ebola are env

ENVELOPED

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influenza and ebola survival

do not survive long outside of a host and are spread only through fluids

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genetic material of group V viruses

(-) ssRNA

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ssRNA must be

turned into an antigenome of (+) mRNA to make proteins , happens in cytoplasm of host

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after (-) ssRNA is turned into (+) mRNA

copied into more (-) RNA to make more viruses

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3 forms of influenza

influenza A
influenza B
influenza C

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influenza A

the scariest and most contagious form… since affects many species , mutates fastest

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what species do influenza infect

humans, birds, pigs, seals , horses

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influenza is further broken into

classes based on the presence of H and N antigens

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influenza B

only transmitted by humans (and seals?)

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influenza B mutations

2-3x slower than influenza A

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influenza C

rarely causes human disease and is not considered a threat

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influenza A strains have how many genes

just 11

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two of the influenza A genes code for

important envelope proteins

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one of the important influenza A genes

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codes for hemagglutinin

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how any HA pattenrs

18, (H1-H18)

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Hemagglutinin is responsible for

attaching influenza virus to sialic acids

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sialic acids

sugars found outside the membrane of many human cells

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hemagglutinin promotes

viral attachment

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almost all human flu strains have only the

H1, H2, or H3 antigen

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H1, H2, H3 antigens attach to

2,3-linked sialic acid

2,3-linked sialic acid is

found outside the membrane of upper respiratory cells

thus......... because of the H1, H2, H3 antigen

the flu attaches to, and invades and infect cells in the upper respiratory tract

the H5 is

found in avian flu viruses

H5 antigen attaches to

2,6-linked sialic acid

2,6-linked sialic acid is found

outside the membrane of lower respiratory cells

deep tract influenza from H5

BAD...... bird flu... 50 PERCENT MORTALITY

what is the other influenza A gene that codes for an important envelope protein

NA codes for

neuraminidase

how many known NA patterns

11 (N1-N11)

neuraminidase is responsible for

cleaving sialic acids off cell membranes, allowing the flu virus to detach

only which NA patterns are seen in the human flu

N1 and N2 , and rarely (N3, N7, N8)

before the flu virus detaches

it attaches initially w/ hemagglutinins on sialic acid

the flu exhibits both

genetic shift and genetic drift

genetic shift

combination of different flu types in one cell

in genetic shift the genetic material is

swapped around and a new superflu develops

what was an example of genetic shifting 2009

H1N1 swine flu outbreak of 2009

example of genetic shift

Avian H5N2 and swine H2N1 create dangerous H5N1

influenza pandemic of the 20th century

spanish flu, asian, hong kong.... all A

genetic drift

the slow mutation of one flu type..... usually just one amino acid at a time.

antibodies are super

specific

since human antibodies are extremely specific, so one small mutationn

can make antibodies ineffective

because of genetic drift you can catch the flu

many different times

how many total amino acids in HA

527

example of genetic drift

H1N1 mutates to have slightly different H structure many antibodies no longer recognize

because genetic drift you can get sick

You can get sick again - just maybe not as sick as last time.

In genetic drift, some antibodies

still recognize the antigen, but others do not (you have a “partial” immunity but not a full one)

why did the swine flu kill so many young adults

many older people had antibodies that recognized H1 or N1 components from much earlier infection.... young didn't

exciting news for H antigens

antibody shown to recognize all variations of all H antigens in influenza A!

yearly flu vaccines

guess he most likely flu infection to happen each year

to guess the flu

ook at data from previous years to choose the H and N subtypes most likely to be found the next year

flu vaccines are the form of

attenuated or killed version of the vaccine

flu vaccines predict the genetic -______

genetic drift of the flu virus

flu vaccines are typically

trivalent: they include three separate guesses

two guess for flu vaccine

influenza A (H1M1 and one for H3N2)

one guess for flu vaccine

influenza B

they are NOT guessing (flu)

whether the main strain is carrying H1, H3....... but which version of H1 or H3 will be carried

what is often given to flu patients

antibiotics,,,, even though the kill bacteria

most flu symptoms

caused by own immune system

flu ymptoms caused by immune system

fever, cough, mucus, inflammation

the flu also invades and kills

ciliated, mucus-secreting cells

when the flu also invades and kills ciliated, mucus-secreting cells.

reduces the defense of the airway

becuse the flu reduces the defense of the airway it is associated w/ a

secondary respiratory infection

the ______ protein in influenza has been shown to stop______

NS1 protein....... shown to stop host cell mRNAs from being completed

NS1 protein....... shown to stop host cell mRNAs from being completed ........ causes

slowing production of host porteins...... NOTEWORTHY>>>>> interferons

the current version of the H5N1 bird flu has

single nucleotide mutation that makes NS1 protein far more virulent

we're lucky about H5N1 because

it's hard to invade humans.... for now

major cytokine in the body is

TNF-a

tumor necrosis factor alpha

tumor necrosis factor alpha has many functions is effective @

stopping influenza infection.

release of TNF-α has been shown to be

“dose-dependent”.... more flu = more TNF-α.

dose-dependant is normally fine...... but like most cytokines TNF-a causes

inflammation, swelling, and white blood cell migration.

too much inflammation, swelling, and white blood cell migration @ site of infection

ARDS

acute respiratory distress syndrome

lungs swelling shut and filling with fluid

ARDS is common in flu types that

target lower respiratory tracts

ex of flu causing ARDS because it target lower respiratory tracts

like the 1918 H1N1 Spanish flu outbreak that killed 30-40 million people.

.....the flu .......... Flashcards

(81 cards)