staph Flashcards
1
Q
staphylococcus genus are
A
gram-positive cocci
2
Q
how long can Staphylococcus survive at 60 degree
A
about a half-hour
3
Q
how long can Staphylococcus survive at 4 degrees
A
months
4
Q
3 importantS Staphylococcus species
A
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
5
Q
each of the important species of staph are
A
normal flora, disease occured when misplaced or when a bad strain is aqquired
6
Q
hemolysis S. aureus
A
Beta
7
Q
hemolysis S. epidermidis
A
Gamma
8
Q
hemolysis S. saprophyticus
A
Gamma
9
Q
coagulas S. aureus
A
positive
10
Q
coagulase S. epidermidis
A
negative
11
Q
coagulase S. saprophyticus
A
negative
12
Q
color S. aureus
A
gold/yellow
13
Q
color S. epidermidis
A
white
14
Q
color S. saprophyticus
A
white/yellow
15
Q
novobiocin
A
antibiotic
16
Q
is S. aureus resistant to novbiocin
A
no
17
Q
is S. epidermidis resitant to novobiocin
A
no
18
Q
is S. saprophyticus resistant to novobiocin
A
yes
19
Q
novobiocin
A
is an antibiotic
20
Q
in human blood, what waits for a signal to come from damaged tissue
A
prothrombin
21
Q
when prothrombin gets a signal from damaged tissue… it is converted to
A
thrombin
22
Q
what does thrombin do
A
convert fibrinogen into fibrin
23
Q
what does fibrin do
A
weaves into a mesh, an integral part of clot formation
24
Q
who secretes coagulase
A
S. aureus (few other non-staph bacteria)
25
when S. aureus and (few other non-staph bacteria) secrete coagulase
it mimics the damaged signal, but instead causes prothrombin to be converted into a special form
26
when when S. aureus and (few other non-staph bacteria) secrete coagulase it causes prothrombin to be converted into what special form
staphylothrombin
27
staphylothrombin function
converts fibrinogen to fibrin that coats the staph bacteria, protecting it from the immune system
28
in phagocytosis, dendritic cells and macrophages
hold out digested guts (antigens) for other immune cells to see
29
dendritic cells and macrophages holding out macrophages is a
delicate process- only a small subset of T cells actually res
30
why is dendritic cells and macrophages holding out macrophages is a delicate process
- only a small subset of T cells actually respond to an antigen, even if bad
31
what percentage of T cells actually respond to an antigen
0.001 %
32
superantigens are different than normal antigens because
they stimulate a large amount of T cells in an area
33
what percentage of T cells do superantigens stimulate
20% or more
34
superantigens stimulating a large amount of T cells is called
polyclonal T cell activation
35
polyclonal T cell activation leads to
excessive cytokine release
36
excessive cytokine release of polyclonal T cell activation can lead to
fatal shock or organ failure
37
some strains of what create a superantigen
S. aureus
38
superantigen created by strains of S. aureus
SEB
39
SEB
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
40
another word for SEB, depending on wher it acts
TSST
41
TSST
toxic shock syndrome toxin
42
TSST / SEB is
a single protein created by 30-50% of strains of S. aureus
43
if an SEB-secreting strain of S. aureus makes is way to _____
to intestines, the superantigen causes widespread inflammation
44
result of SEB-secreting strain of S. aureus in intestines
- projectile vomiting
- abdominal pain
- sometimes diarrhea
45
S. aureus and its superantigen iin the intestines are a type of
food poisoning that is rapid onset
46
how long after eating food w/ S. aureus do you show symptoms of food poisoning
1-6 hours
47
is staph the only caue of food poisoning
no, but is a common one
48
other staph associated enterotoxins :
SEA - SEE, SEE - SEI, and SER - SET have been named
49
which is the only staph-associated superantigen
SEB
50
first example of S. aureus and its superantigen
Laredo TX, 1968
51
Laredo TX, 1968
1364 elementary school children fell ill, chicken salad off-sit, not refrigerated, shipped to district
52
example 2 of S. aureus and its superantigen
Spring 1989>> canned mushrooms
53
when SEB enters the blood stream
leads to toxic shock syndrome
54
toxic shock syndrome primarily associated with what 3 things
- extended use of hyperabsorbent tampons
- cosmetic surgeries
- uncleaned abrasions(rare)
55
what cosmetic surgeries usually lead to toxic shock syndrome
material packed into the nose
56
in each case of toxic shcok syndrome
S. aureus secretes SEB/TSS into the bloodstream
57
the result of of toxic syndrome is
bad.. defined by 5 plus of characteristics
58
what characteristics does toxic shock syndrome show - First 3
- body temperature over 102 degrees F
- blood pressure below 90 mmHg
- Macular Erythroderma
59
what characteristics does toxic shock syndrome show - Second 3 `
- desquamation
- involvement/failure of at least organ systems
- no positive blood results for other likely suspects
60
desquamation during toxic shock syndrome is
within 7-14 days, especially on palms and soles of feet
61
Macular Erythrodema
sunburn appearance
62
in adition to carrying superantigens, certain strains of S. aureus can carry
exfoliatins
63
what two exfoliatins can S. aureus carry
exfoliative toxin A and exfoliative toxin B
64
each of the exfoliative toxins targets
targets and cleaves protein dsg-1
65
dsg-1
desmoglein-1
66
where is desmoglein-1 found
only in the desmosomes of human skin
67
desmosomes
structure that holds cells together
68
staph (S. aureus) is more commonly the cause of
pyogenic infections
69
pyogenic infections
buildups of pus to fight the bacteria.
70
pus usually comes....
as a byproduct of the war between phagocytes and pathogens: the phagocytes eat so much that they eventually “pop”.
71
what makes more pus
bacteria also secrete substances to kill phagocytes before they start eating
72
forms that pus buildup can take
- Impetigo
- Folliculitis
- Carbuncle
- Furuncle
73
Impetigo
superficial infection
74
Folliculitis
infection of hair follicle
75
Carbuncle
abscess
76
Furuncle
boil
77
treatment of staph infections;
antibiotics , but staph infections evolving to counteract
78
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
79
MRSA actually
resists many different types of antibiotics not just methicillin
80
now in order to treat MRSA doctors
give stronger antibiotic vancomyscin
81
in other regions where vancomycin was the first choice antibiotic
VRSA emerged
82
VRSA
vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
83
from horizontal gene transfer of S. aureus there is now
MVRSA >>> SUPERBUG
84
S. epidermidis is
not very scary, not have many virulence factors like S. aureus
85
scary feature of S. epidermidis
form biofilms on plastic surfaces
86
S. epidermidis forming biofilms on plastic surfaces
make it incredibly difficult for antibiotics to penetrate
87
the result of a biofilm forming is often
follow-up surgery to remove the plastic
88
biofilms of S. epidermidis often form on
- catheters
- replacement heart valves
- prosthetic joints
89
biofilms forming on catheters
response for over 50% of catheter infections
90
biofilms forming on replacement heart valves
leads to endocarditis
91
endocarditis
inflammation of heart inner lining
92
what staph species sometimes occupies the normal flora of the body
S. saprophyticus
93
when S. saprophyticus gets inside the urinary tract of a woman
(usually through sex) causes a urinary tract infection
94
symptoms of urinary tract infection
- burning sensation while urinating
- need to urinate often
- cloudy urine
95
urinary tract infections usually onsets
24-48 hours after sexual activity
96
urinary tract infections are often called
honeymoon cystitis
97
the proteins are degraded by exfoliative toxins are
in the junction between the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum of the epidermis
98
degradation of desmosomes between the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum leads to what
SSSS
99
SSSS
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
100
symptoms of SSSS
skin blisters within 24-48 hours of onset, common in young children
