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pathophysiology > shock quiz > Flashcards

shock quiz Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

shock

A

lack of oxygen flow to cells

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2
Q

if not treated… shock always leads to

A

cellular death

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3
Q

associated words shock

A 
hypoxia
hypoxemia
ischemia
infarction
necrosis
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4
Q

hypoxia

A

not enough oxygen in an area

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5
Q

hypoxemia

A

not enough oxygen in the blood

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6
Q

ischemia

A

not enough blood flow to an area

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7
Q

infarction

A

complete blockage of blood flow to an area

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8
Q

necrosis

A

tissue death due to lack of blood flow

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9
Q

different cells can

A

survive for different lengths of time without oxygen

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10
Q

skin cells without oxygen

A

live days to weeks

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11
Q

muscle cells without oxygen

A

about 48 hours

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12
Q

the most fragile cell type (n terms of oxygen flow)

A

neurons in the brain

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13
Q

neurons without oxygen

A

irreversible damage after 10 minutes

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14
Q

patients who clinically die for 10 minutes

A

will always have impaired mental function if resuscitated

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15
Q

clinically dying

A

no breathing, no blood flow

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16
Q

why will you have impaired mental function if you don’t have oxygen for 10 minutes

A
  • neurons need more ATP to maintain a delicate charge
  • neurons can not allow lipids to enter
  • neurons have no backup ATP stored in creatine phosphate
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17
Q

since neurons need ATP to maintain a delicate charge???

A

must aqquire this ATP through the breakdown of glucose

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18
Q

since neurons cannot allow lipids to enter»»»>

A

they cannot use those for fuel

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19
Q

BBB

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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20
Q

8 types of shock

A

-Respiratory Shock-

Anaphylactic Shock-

Neurogenic Shock-

Cardiogenic Shock-

Hypovolemic Shock-

Metabolic Shock-

Psychogenic Shock-

Septic Shock

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21
Q

why is shock bad

A

because all cells need oxygen supply

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22
Q

deficiency of oxygen is called

A

hypoxia

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23
Q

all cells need energy in the form of

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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24
Q

two ways for cells to get energy

A

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

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25
Aerobic Respiration breaks down and produces
- breaks down glucose | - produce 36 ATP molecules
26
aerobic respiration uses what and makes what byproducst
uses oxygen | non toxic byproducts: CO2 and H2O
27
anaerobic glycolysis breaks down and produces
- breaks down glucose | - produces 2 ATP per molecule
28
anaerobic glycolysis uses what and makes what byproduct
- doe NOT use oxygen | - produces the toxic byproduct lactic acid
29
as lactic acid build up in cells
it begins to exit them through passive transport and enters the bloodstream instead
30
lactate and lactic acid
are very similar ad can flip flop back and forth in equilibrium
31
equilibrium point where lactate and lactic acid can flip flop
pH=4
32
at physiological pH levels, almost all lactic acid in the body
has dissociated into lactate and H+
33
so if there is lactic acid that has dissociated into lactate and H+........
at normal body temperatures.... extra H+ is released
34
a liquid's acidity comes from
the concentration of H+ ions, more H+= more acidic
35
so the H+ that comes form lactic acid
H+ from lactic acid mixes with the blood and lowers its pH
36
condition where blood pH is too low
below 7.35
37
where blood pH is too low.....
acidosis
38
acidosis what happens to neurons
the resting potential of neurons is even lower than normal
39
what happens when the resting potential of neurons is lower than normal
requires more excitatory signal to cause a nerve to fire
40
if resting potential gets too low
nerves fire far too little>>>>>> coma
41
in alkalosis what happens to neurons
the resting potential of neurons is higher than normal
42
when the resting potential of neurons is higher than normal
only a little excitation is necessary before a nerve fires
43
if resting potential gets too high
nerves fire too much>>>> seizure
44
what is something very essential to cellular survival
the sodium/potassium pump
45
how does the sodium potassium pump work
against a concentration gradient and uses ATP
46
what does the sodium/potassium pump move
3 sodium ions out of the cell while pumping two potassium ions in
47
When the Na+/K+ pump fails......
cells build up extremely high levels of sodium inside
48
when there is very high levels of sodium in cells
water rushes into cells from the environment through the principles of osmosis
49
when water rushes into cells as a result of high sodium level.....
the cells swell to large sizes and grow increasingly unstable
50
what are lysosomes
large bag of enzymes that serve as molecular scissors
51
enzymes in lysosomes...
can cut almost all molecules
52
what happens to lysosomes in reponse to decreased ATP supplies
lysosomes break apart and release enzymes to the cell
53
usually lysosomal enzymes>>>
are denatured at normal pH , only work at acidic pH levels
54
when the cell's pH is lower >> from lack of oxygen>>> lysosomal enzymes
can work when they escape and destroy the cell
55
lysosome-mediated apoptosis is usually
a normal event in cells
56
why is lysosome-mediated apoptosis bad in the case of shock
because a cell's membrane ceases to function correctly
57
why would a cell membrane not function correctly in lysosome-mediated apoptosis in the case of shock
- the cell is too big and its membrane is spread thin | - the internal/external concentration gradients are wrong
58
as a result of apoptosis during shock.....
leakage of cellular debris and lysosomal enzymes
59
leakage of cellular debris and lysosomal enzymes as a result of apoptosis during shock will....
spread to nearby tissues through blood and leads to more cell death>>>>>>leads to tissue death
60
step 1 shock
Cells rely too much on anaerobic respiration for energy and build up large supplies of lactic acid
61
step 2 shock
Lactic acid enters the bloodstream
62
step 3 shock
Lactic acid dissociates
63
step 4 shock
Hydrogen ions lower pH of blood (acidosis)-
64
step 5 shock
Na+/K+ pumps fail to work in cell membranes
65
step 6 shock
Lysosomes release their enzymes
66
step 7 shock
Cells die and release debris into the bloodstream
67
step 8 shock
The debris spreads and damages more and more tissue until death.

pathophysiology (24 decks)

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