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pathophysiology > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

all viruses are

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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2
Q

what does it mean to be an obligate intracellular parasite

A

cannot make ATP or proteins without using hosts’s parts

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3
Q

a full virus unit

A

virion

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4
Q

three parts of a virus

A

capsid
genome
accessories

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5
Q

capsid

A

protein coat around the outside of a virion

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6
Q

genome

A

the DNA or RNA a virus contains

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7
Q

accessories

A

envolelope (?), matrix, spikes and other stuff

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8
Q

viruses range in size from

A

10-400 nm

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9
Q

bacteria range in size

A

500-5000 nm

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10
Q

questions to ask to classify viruses by examining the genetic material they contain

A
  • is it DNA or RNA
  • single-stranded or double-stranded
  • (+) sense or (-) sense
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11
Q

if genetic material is sense or positive sense

A

means that an mRNA sequence with the same sequence will code for a protein

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12
Q

if genetic material is antisense or negative sense

A

it means that a complementary mRNA sequence will code for a protein

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13
Q

grouping system based on examining the genetic material

A

Baltimore Classification system

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14
Q

Group I Baltimore classification

A

DNA (+/-)

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15
Q

Group II Baltimore classification

A

DNA (+)

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16
Q

Group III Baltimore classification

A

RNA (+/-)

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17
Q

Group IV Baltimore classification

A

RNA (+)

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18
Q

Group V Baltimore classification

A

RNA (-)

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19
Q

Group VI Baltimore classification

A

RNA (+)

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20
Q

Group VIII Baltimore classification

A

DNA (+/-)

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21
Q

2nd way to classify viruses

A

enveloped or naked

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22
Q

what is the viral envelope

A

phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the capsid

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23
Q

what does the viral capsid do when it exits the host

A

steal the membrane of the host cell to form the viral envelope

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24
Q

before the viral capsid exists host cells

A

they force the host to produce their own viral membrane proteins and put them in that membrane (that they will steal for their envelope)

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25
the result of the viral envelope pathway
viral envelopes with host phospholipids but THE its VIRAL PROTEINS are made by the host's ribosomes
26
soooooo viral capsid to enveloped virion
viral capsid takes some of host cell membrane that produced viral glycoproteins
27
pros for a virus containing a viral envelope
- does not need to kill host cells to spread | - cannot be fought off only with antibodies (harder to vaccinate)
28
cons for a virus containing a viral envelope
- sensitive | - requires a more complex genome to make envelope proteins
29
what are viral envelopes sensitive to
pH, temperature, drying out, heat
30
since viral envelopes are sensitive to pH, temperature, drying out, heat
cannot survive in GI tract or outside of body, sensitive to detergents
31
the life cycle of a virus
- attachment - entry - replication and protein synthesis - assembly - release
32
ATTACHMENT
virus recognizes and attaches to victim cell
33
ENTRY
virus (or virus parts) enters victim cell
34
REPLICATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
victim cell hijacked, makes viral DNA/RNA and proteins
35
ASSEMBLY
viral parts come together and make new viruses
36
RELEASE
new viruses exit the victim cell
37
Step 1: attachment is mediated by
envelope or capsid proteins called VAPs
38
VAPs
viral attachment proteins
39
there is usually what that a virus specifically targets
one specific surface protein or pattern that a virus
40
since there is usually one specific surface protein or pattern that a virus specifically targets
many viruses target just one specific tissue
41
step 1: attachment can be blocked by
antibodies...... so the immune system often tries to inhibit attachment
42
in step 2: entry, the
process is different depending on if the virus is enveloped or naked
43
entry naked
virus is taken through endocytes
44
entry enveloped
viral phospholipid bilayer fuses with host cell or virus is taken through endocytosis
45
in step 3: replication and protein synthesis
-DNA is “turned into” RNA in the nucleus (transcription)-RNA is “turned into” protein in a ribosome (translation
46
translation occurs
outside the nuckeus
47
depending on a viruses genetic materia, DNA/RNA replication can happen in many ways: if the virus has DNA
- the DNA must enter the nucleus to be copied into RNA before making proteins outside the nucleus (usually)
48
dna/Rna replication: if the virus has RNA
-If the virus has RNA, it may or may not need to be transcribed to a positive form, but does not need to enter the nucleus (usually)
49
unlike bacteria an eukaryotic cells, virsues
don't replicate through division, instead new viruses are asembled
50
where are DNA viruses assembled
in the nucleus
51
where are RNA viruses assembled
in the cytoplasm
52
assembly enveloped viruses
produce some of their envelope proteins in the host’s membrane, which they plan to pull off with it later.
53
how do the parts of virus assembly know where to go
slight magnetic forces
54
step 5; release
virus levea host cell, different depending if its enveloped or naked
55
naked release
lysis: virus is copied many, many times inside, then invokes host cell “popping”.
56
enveloped virus release
lysis or budding, generally the host remains intact but part of the membrane is stolen
57
enveloped virus release
virus is copied inside, assembled, and released by “budding” off of the original host cell.
58
viruses can cause harm by inhibiting
host cellular DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis
59
viruses can cause harm by damaging
endosomes or lysosomes by releasing cutting enzymes
60
viruses can cause harm by adding
viral proteins to host cell membranes (autoimmunity)
61
viruses can cause harm because some
some viral proteins are toxic to host cells
62
a large buildup of viruses
inclusion bodies
63
viruses can cause harm because inclusion bodies
physically block cellular processes from haooenning
64
which damage is unique to retrovirus
chromosome damage , cancer causing mutation such as proto-oncogenes areunique to retrovirus
65
retrovirus
viruses that add their DNA to ours
66
types of viral infection
acute, chronic, latent, viruses can show different diseases at different stages
67
acute infection
you get the virus, you get sick a few days later, you die or beat the infection
68
chronic infection
you get sick, you may or may not show symptoms, you have the virus for a long time or forever
69
latent infection
you get the virus, you may or may not show symptoms, then there is a long delay before symptoms show again
70
how do we fight off viral infections
antibodies, type 1 MHC, interferons
71
to fight off viral infection, the antibodies we make
block most VAPs, and are most effective on naked viruses
72
MHC
membrane protein on all human cells
73
MHC is a form of
form of self-ID : Proteins destroyed by proteasome are dangled from the membrane and “sniffed” by WBCs
74
if proteins dangled from MHC are non-self
the cell is killed by WBCs
75
IFNs
interferons
76
interferons
a type of cytokine that cause all adjacent cells to turn on many anti virus genes
77
interferons signals uninfected
neighboring uninfected cells to destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis
78
interferons signals infected
neighboring infected cells to undergo apoptosis
79
interferons activate
activate immune cells

pathophysiology (24 decks)

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