Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathophysiology > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

1
Q

all viruses are

A

obligate intracellular parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does it mean to be an obligate intracellular parasite

A

cannot make ATP or proteins without using hosts’s parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a full virus unit

A

virion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

three parts of a virus

A

capsid
genome
accessories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

capsid

A

protein coat around the outside of a virion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

genome

A

the DNA or RNA a virus contains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

accessories

A

envolelope (?), matrix, spikes and other stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

viruses range in size from

A

10-400 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

bacteria range in size

A

500-5000 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

questions to ask to classify viruses by examining the genetic material they contain

A
  • is it DNA or RNA
  • single-stranded or double-stranded
  • (+) sense or (-) sense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

if genetic material is sense or positive sense

A

means that an mRNA sequence with the same sequence will code for a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if genetic material is antisense or negative sense

A

it means that a complementary mRNA sequence will code for a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

grouping system based on examining the genetic material

A

Baltimore Classification system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Group I Baltimore classification

A

DNA (+/-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Group II Baltimore classification

A

DNA (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Group III Baltimore classification

A

RNA (+/-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Group IV Baltimore classification

A

RNA (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Group V Baltimore classification

A

RNA (-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Group VI Baltimore classification

A

RNA (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Group VIII Baltimore classification

A

DNA (+/-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2nd way to classify viruses

A

enveloped or naked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the viral envelope

A

phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the viral capsid do when it exits the host

A

steal the membrane of the host cell to form the viral envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

before the viral capsid exists host cells

A

they force the host to produce their own viral membrane proteins and put them in that membrane (that they will steal for their envelope)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the result of the viral envelope pathway

A

viral envelopes with host phospholipids but THE its VIRAL PROTEINS are made by the host’s ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

soooooo viral capsid to enveloped virion

A

viral capsid takes some of host cell membrane that produced viral glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

pros for a virus containing a viral envelope

A
  • does not need to kill host cells to spread

- cannot be fought off only with antibodies (harder to vaccinate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cons for a virus containing a viral envelope

A
  • sensitive

- requires a more complex genome to make envelope proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are viral envelopes sensitive to

A

pH, temperature, drying out, heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

since viral envelopes are sensitive to pH, temperature, drying out, heat

A

cannot survive in GI tract or outside of body, sensitive to detergents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the life cycle of a virus

A
  • attachment
  • entry
  • replication and protein synthesis
  • assembly
  • release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ATTACHMENT

A

virus recognizes and attaches to victim cell

33
Q

ENTRY

A

virus (or virus parts) enters victim cell

34
Q

REPLICATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A

victim cell hijacked, makes viral DNA/RNA and proteins

35
Q

ASSEMBLY

A

viral parts come together and make new viruses

36
Q

RELEASE

A

new viruses exit the victim cell

37
Q

Step 1: attachment is mediated by

A

envelope or capsid proteins called VAPs

38
Q

VAPs

A

viral attachment proteins

39
Q

there is usually what that a virus specifically targets

A

one specific surface protein or pattern that a virus

40
Q

since there is usually one specific surface protein or pattern that a virus specifically targets

A

many viruses target just one specific tissue

41
Q

step 1: attachment can be blocked by

A

antibodies…… so the immune system often tries to inhibit attachment

42
Q

in step 2: entry, the

A

process is different depending on if the virus is enveloped or naked

43
Q

entry naked

A

virus is taken through endocytes

44
Q

entry enveloped

A

viral phospholipid bilayer fuses with host cell or virus is taken through endocytosis

45
Q

in step 3: replication and protein synthesis

A

-DNA is “turned into” RNA in the nucleus (transcription)-RNA is “turned into” protein in a ribosome (translation

46
Q

translation occurs

A

outside the nuckeus

47
Q

depending on a viruses genetic materia, DNA/RNA replication can happen in many ways: if the virus has DNA

A
  • the DNA must enter the nucleus to be copied into RNA before making proteins outside the nucleus (usually)
48
Q

dna/Rna replication: if the virus has RNA

A

-If the virus has RNA, it may or may not need to be transcribed to a positive form, but does not need to enter the nucleus (usually)

49
Q

unlike bacteria an eukaryotic cells, virsues

A

don’t replicate through division, instead new viruses are asembled

50
Q

where are DNA viruses assembled

A

in the nucleus

51
Q

where are RNA viruses assembled

A

in the cytoplasm

52
Q

assembly enveloped viruses

A

produce some of their envelope proteins in the host’s membrane, which they plan to pull off with it later.

53
Q

how do the parts of virus assembly know where to go

A

slight magnetic forces

54
Q

step 5; release

A

virus levea host cell, different depending if its enveloped or naked

55
Q

naked release

A

lysis: virus is copied many, many times inside, then invokes host cell “popping”.

56
Q

enveloped virus release

A

lysis or budding, generally the host remains intact but part of the membrane is stolen

57
Q

enveloped virus release

A

virus is copied inside, assembled, and released by “budding” off of the original host cell.

58
Q

viruses can cause harm by inhibiting

A

host cellular DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis

59
Q

viruses can cause harm by damaging

A

endosomes or lysosomes by releasing cutting enzymes

60
Q

viruses can cause harm by adding

A

viral proteins to host cell membranes (autoimmunity)

61
Q

viruses can cause harm because some

A

some viral proteins are toxic to host cells

62
Q

a large buildup of viruses

A

inclusion bodies

63
Q

viruses can cause harm because inclusion bodies

A

physically block cellular processes from haooenning

64
Q

which damage is unique to retrovirus

A

chromosome damage , cancer causing mutation such as proto-oncogenes areunique to retrovirus

65
Q

retrovirus

A

viruses that add their DNA to ours

66
Q

types of viral infection

A

acute, chronic, latent, viruses can show different diseases at different stages

67
Q

acute infection

A

you get the virus, you get sick a few days later, you die or beat the infection

68
Q

chronic infection

A

you get sick, you may or may not show symptoms, you have the virus for a long time or forever

69
Q

latent infection

A

you get the virus, you may or may not show symptoms, then there is a long delay before symptoms show again

70
Q

how do we fight off viral infections

A

antibodies, type 1 MHC, interferons

71
Q

to fight off viral infection, the antibodies we make

A

block most VAPs, and are most effective on naked viruses

72
Q

MHC

A

membrane protein on all human cells

73
Q

MHC is a form of

A

form of self-ID : Proteins destroyed by proteasome are dangled from the membrane and “sniffed” by WBCs

74
Q

if proteins dangled from MHC are non-self

A

the cell is killed by WBCs

75
Q

IFNs

A

interferons

76
Q

interferons

A

a type of cytokine that cause all adjacent cells to turn on many anti virus genes

77
Q

interferons signals uninfected

A

neighboring uninfected cells to destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis

78
Q

interferons signals infected

A

neighboring infected cells to undergo apoptosis

79
Q

interferons activate

A

activate immune cells

pathophysiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions