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Step One R&M > Basic immunology concepts > Flashcards

Basic immunology concepts Flashcards

1
Q

C3bBb3b

A

Alternative C5 convertase

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2
Q

Alternative C3 convertase

A

C3bBb

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2
Q

Stimulates bone marrow

A

IL-3

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3
Q

Which two cell types posses granulysin, granzyme and perforin? What are their respective functions?

A

NK and CD8+ cells

Perforin - forms holes

Granzyme - protease, induces apoptosis

Granulysin - antimicrobial, induces apoptosis

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3
Q

Inhibited by IL-4 and IL-10

A

TH1

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3
Q

C4b2b3b

A

Classic C5 convertase

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4
Q

What is the function of TH2 cells?

A

Induce class switching to IgE and recruit eosinophils

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5
Q

What is the function of Tregs?

A

Maintain immune tolerance by suppressing CD4+ and CD8+ effector function

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5
Q

Stimulates growth of B cells vs. stimulates differentiation of B cells

A

Growth = IL-4

Differentiation = IL-5

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5
Q

Signal transduction for T cells

A

CD3

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5
Q

What does EBV bind to infect its cell?

A

EBV binds CD21+ on B cells

(but remember the big cells = CD8+ cells)

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6
Q

Surface marker of neutrophils

A

CD15+

(also Reed-Sternberg cells)

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6
Q

What are the two complement inhibitors and what is their main function?

A

C1 esterase inhibitor and DAF

Prevent complement activation of self cells

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7
Q

Binds LPS

A

CD14+ of macrophages and monocytes

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8
Q

Stimulates T cells

A

IL-2

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9
Q

Where does positive seletion occur and what is its purpose?

A

Cortex

T cells capable of binding self-antigen are selected to survive

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9
Q

How can Tregs be identified?

A

CD3+, CD4+, CD25+, FOXP3 transcription factor

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10
Q

Alternative C5 convertase

A

C3bBb3b

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11
Q

Fever

A

IL-1, IL-6

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13
Q

TH2 cells develop under influence of which cytokine?

A

IL-4

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14
Q

C4b2b

A

Classical C3 convertase

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14
Q

Secreted by macrophages to activate NK cells and induce differentiation into TH1 cells

A

IL-12

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14
Q

What is the function of IF alpha and beta?

A

Released by virally-infected cells to prime neraby cells for infection

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16
Q

Which occurs first: + or - selection?

A

+

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16
Q

Binds Cd3

A

CD21+ of B cells

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17
Q

Which cytokines are released by TH2 cells?

A

!L-4. IL-5, !L-6, IL-10, IL-13

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18
Q

C3bBb

A

Alternative C3 convertase

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19
Q

CD4+ exposed to IL-12

A

TH1

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19
Q

Classical C3 convertase

A

C4b2b

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20
Q

What occurs when a virus enters a cell that has been primed by IF alpha +/- beta from a nearby cell?

A

The viral RNA polymerase activates RNase, which cleaves viral and host mRNA, and protein kinase, which prevents viral and host protein synthesis, effectively causing apoptosis of the cell to prevent viral spread

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21
Q

Activates osteoclasts

A

IL-1

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21
Q

All surface markers on NK cells

A

CD16, CD56

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22
Q

All surface markers on macrophages

A

CD14, CD40, B7, MHC class II, Fc and C3b receptor

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23
Q

CD15+

A

Neutrophils and Reed-Sternberg cells

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24
Q

Increases MHC expression and antigen presentation by all cells

A

IFgamma from TH1 cells

25
Q

Tregs develop under influence of which cytokines?

A

TGFß

26
Q

Mediates septic shock

A

TNFalpha

28
Q

Where does negative selection occur and what is it’s purpose?

A

Medulla (M = N)

T cells with high affinity for self-antigen are selected to undergo apoptosis

28
Q

FOXP3 transcription factor

A

Tregs

29
Q

Promotes growth and differentiation of eosinophils

A

IL-5

(although IL-4 stimulates class switching to IgE)

30
Q

What does LPS bind to stimulate immunity?

A

CD14 on macrophages/monocytes

(Remember: LPS is not a protein, so it is a thymus-indepedent antigen = T cells not involved)

31
Q

CD14+

A

Macrophages and monocytes (binds LPS)

32
Q

All surface markers on a killer T cell

A

CD8, CD3, CD28

34
Q

Surface marker of macrophages and monocytes

A

CD14+

36
Q

Describe the interaction between TH1 cells and macrophages

A

Macrophages release IL-12 which stimulates differentiation into TH1 cells, which in turn secrete IFgamma, which activates macrophages

37
Q

Two roles of C3b

A

Opsonization

Clearing immune complexes

38
Q

TH2 cell secretes IL-5. What happens to B cell?

A

Class switching to IgA

38
Q

Activates production of acute phase reactants

A

IL-6

39
Q

What is the signal for ADCC?

A

CD16 binds to Fc portion of IgG on cell to be killed; NK cell releases granzyme and perforin

40
Q

What is the function of TH1 cells?

A

Activate macrophages and CD8+ cells

42
Q

Two primary opsonins

A

IgG and C3b

44
Q

TH17 cells develop under influence of which cytokines?

A

!L-6 and TGFß

45
Q

CD19+/CD20+/CD21+

A

Mature B cell (see in CLL)

46
Q

CD3+ CD4+ CD25+

A

Tregs

47
Q

Which cytokine functions similarly to GM-CSF?

A

IL-3 (Activates bone marrow)

48
Q

Cytokines secreted by macrophaes

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNFalpha

50
Q

Secretes IFgamma

A

TH1

51
Q

Tdt+

A

Pre-B and pre-T cells (see in ALL)

53
Q

TH1 develops under influence of which cytokine?

A

IL-12

55
Q

CD4+ exposed to !L-6 and TGFß

A

TH17

56
Q

Steps in the lectin complement pathway

A

MBL binds mannose on microbial surfaces –> activates a C1-like complex –> cleaves C4 into C4a and C4b –> C4b joins C2b from the classical pathway –> classical C3 convertase C4b2b formed –> cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b –> C3b joins to form classical C5 convertase C4b2b3b –> cleaves C5 into C5a which is a PMN recruiter and C5b –> C5b joins C6-9 to form MAC –> cytotoxicity and lysis

57
Q

CD10+

A

Pre-B cell (see in ALL)

58
Q

What happens after T cells undergo negative selection in the thymus?

A

They move to the bone marrow where CD4+ cells differentiate

59
Q

What are the three signals needed for B cell activation and subsequent class switching?

A
  1. B cell receptor-mediated endocytosis of antigen with presentation on MHC class II recognized by TH cell
  2. CD40 on B cell binds CD40L on TH cell
  3. TH cell secretes cytokines that determine class switching
60
Q

What is the function of each cytokine secreted by TH2 cells?

A

!L-4 = IgE and IgG class switching

IL-5 = IgA class switching

IL-6 = stimulates acute phase reactant production

IL-10 = inhibit TH1 differentiation

IL-13 = allergic and parasitic responses

61
Q

Activates NK cells

A

IL-12

62
Q

Causes vascular leak

A

TNFalpha

64
Q

What two signals are needed for T cell activation?

A
  1. Antigen presentation by an APC (B cell, MØ, dendritic cell) on MHC class I or class II
  2. B7 on APC binds CD28+ on T cell = co-stimulatory signal
65
Q

Which cytokines are released by TH1 cells?

A

IFgamma

67
Q

Which cytokines inhibit differentiation into TH1 cells?

A

IL-4, IL-10 from TH2 cells

68
Q

Surface markers of mature B cell

A

CD19+/CD20+/CD21+

70
Q

TH2 cell secretes IL-4. What happens to B cell?

A

Class switching to IgE and IgG

72
Q

Classic C5 convertase

A

C4b2b3b

74
Q

Which cytokines are produced by Tregs?

A

IL-10 and TGFß (anti-inflammatory)

75
Q

Steps in the classical complement pathway

A

C1 binds IgG or IgM Fc region –> C1 complex cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b –> C2b joins C4b from lectin pathway –> classical C3 convertase C4b2b formed –> cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b –> C3b joins to form classical C5 convertase C4b2b3b –> cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b –> C5b joins C6-9 to form MAC –> cytotoxicity, lysis

76
Q

Steps in alternative complement pathway

A

Microbial surface or spontaneous activation causes C3 to cleave into C3a and C3b –> C3b joins with Bb (B is cleaved via D) –> alternative C3 converstase C3bBb is formed –> cleaves more C3 –> C3b joins C3 convertase to form C5 convertase C3bBb3b –> cleaves 5 into 5a which recruits PMNS and 5b –> 5b joins 6-9 –> MAC formed –> lysis, cytotoxicity

77
Q

All cell surface markers on helper T cell

A

CD4, CD3, CD28, CD40L

78
Q

All surface markers on B cells

A

CD19, CD20, CD21, CD40, Ig, MHC II, B7

79
Q

Which two cytokines are secreted by all T cells?

A

IL-2 and IL-3

80
Q

Inhibited by IFgamma

A

TH2

81
Q

Activates adhesion molecule expression on endothelium

A

IL-1

82
Q

CD4+ exposed to TGFß only

A

Tregs

83
Q

CD4+ exposed to IL-4

A

TH2

84
Q

Secretes IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13

A

TH2

85
Q

Secretes IL-10 and TGFß

A

Tregs

86
Q

Surface marker when T cell enters thymus

A

CD4+CD8+

Step One R&M (38 decks)

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