Biology 100 Unit 10

Question 1

the scientific study of life at the molecular level

Answer 1

molecular biology

Question 2

Understanding molecular biology aids in the study of

Answer 2

• disease, bacteria, viruses
• DNA , genes, inheritance
• cancer

Question 3

is the molecule that stores the information to create an organism (blue print)

Answer 3

DNA

Question 4

the _________________ in DNA can be copied and passes on to the next generation

Answer 4

information stored

Question 5

what are the two types of nucleic acids that can store genetic information

Answer 5

DNA and RNA

Question 6

DNA and RNA consist on monomers called

Answer 6

nucleotides

Question 7

What are nucleotides made of

Answer 7

sugar + nigtrogenous base + phosphate

Question 8

What differentiate nucleotides from each other

Answer 8

their nitrogenous bases

Question 9

What are the nucleotides in DNA

Answer 9

Adinine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

Question 10

What are the nucleotides in RNA

Answer 10

Adinine, Guanine. Cytosine, Uracil

Question 11

What are the 2 bases that are Purines?

Answer 11

Adenine and Guanine AG

Question 12

What are the 3 bases that are Pyrimidines?

Answer 12

Cytosine Uracil and Thymine

Question 13

Who discovered that DNA is shaped in a double Helix and received a nobel prize for it

Answer 13

Watson and Crick

Question 14

What are the nitrogenous base pairs

Answer 14

A-T and G-C

Question 15

During __________, a cell’s DNA is copied completely so each new cell will have a complete set of DNA in the form of Chromosomes

Answer 15

the cell cycle

Question 16

Each of the two original DNA strands serves as a template based on which two new strands of DNA are made by an enzyme

Answer 16

DNA polymerase

Question 17

one of the original two DNA strands is passed on to each of the new cells in ______ _________

Answer 17

DNA replication

Question 18

DNA is synthesized using the

Answer 18

parent strand as a templet

Question 19

___________ break to form a single strand of DNA

Answer 19

H bonds

Question 20

______________________ spreads from specific origins, is bidirectional adding nucleotides in each direction, once completed produces two daughter strands

Answer 20

DNA replication

Question 21

_________________ is what controls how the organism looks and functions-its ___________________

Answer 21

DNA/genotype, phenotype

Question 22

From one generation to the next __________ is continually replicated and passed down

Answer 22

DNA

Question 23

Because DNA is copied and passed down we

Answer 23

should have simular sequences of nucleotides to our parents

Question 24

a set of stored instructions that make proteins

Answer 24

DNA

Question 25

RNA is generated from DNA from complementary base pairing

Answer 25

transcription

Question 26

RNA is ____________________ into proteins after transcription

Answer 26

translated

Question 27

There are about __________ genes in the human genome each of which encode a _____________

Answer 27

300,000, one specific protein

Question 28

DNA is traanscibed

Answer 28

1 protein at a time

Question 29

Each cell contains ________ the information to produce all proteins encoded in the entire genome

Answer 29

all

Question 30

because cells specialize to do specific jobs, specific cells only express specific genes which code for cells only express specific genes which code for

Answer 30

proteins necessary for that specific cells function

Question 31

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA determine

Answer 31

the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Question 32

each protein differs by their

Answer 32

type of amino group and sequence of amino acids

Question 33

When DNA is transcribed a

Answer 33

RNA molecule is produced

Question 34

3 consecutive RNA nucloetides is called a

Answer 34

codon

Question 35

codes for one of 20 amino acids

Answer 35

codon

Question 36

the dictionary which describes which nucleotide sequence codes into which amino acid

Answer 36

the genetic code

Question 37

``` for transcription: G= T= A= C= ```

Answer 37

G=A T=A A=U C=G

Question 38

The enzyme ________ is the enzyme which synthesizes RNA from DNA

Answer 38

RNA polymers

Question 39

The first phase of transcription is

Answer 39

initiation

Question 40

to begin polymerase must detect a start sequence called a

Answer 40

proliminator

Question 41

When the enzyme encounters a promoter sequence, | it becomes attached to the DNA strand. This must occur before

Answer 41

RNA can be transcribed from DNA

Question 42

The second phase of transcription is

Answer 42

elongation

Question 43

during ____________more and more nucleotides are attached to the growing RNA molecule, representing an entire gene.

Answer 43

elongation

Question 44

the third phase of transcription

Answer 44

termination

Question 45

Near the end of each gene is a sequence of bases | called a ______________ sequence.

Answer 45

terminator

Question 46

When the RNA polymerase reaches a terminator, it is stimulated to detach from the DNA template, and RNA synthesis stops ending transcription. This RNA is then processed into messenger RNA or mRNA by a process called _____________.

Answer 46

splicing

Question 47

during splicing

Answer 47

introns are edited out and exons are spliced together

Question 48

Splicing converts RNA into

Answer 48

mRNA

Question 49

during translation, the set of instructions on an RNA molecule is converted to

Answer 49

an amino acid sequence.

Question 50

Just as transcription was facilitated by an enzyme, translation requires the presence of

Answer 50

other molecules

Question 51

What additional RNA molecules are needed to facilitate translation

Answer 51

tRNA- Transfer rRNA -ribosomal mRNA -Messanger

Question 52

brings amino acids to the mRNA

Answer 52

tRNA transfer RNA

Question 53

are 3 consecutive tRNA nucleotides which H- bond to corresponding mRNA codons

Answer 53

anticodons

Question 54

each anticodon carries with it

Answer 54

1 amino acid

Question 55

are small organelles. They are the site where amino acids are joined, and protein precursors are made.

Answer 55

ribosomes

Question 56

each ribosome is made of

Answer 56

two subunits

Question 57

Ribosmomes are made of

Answer 57

RNA

Question 58

A working ribosome with all the players for translation assembled. Translation has three phases, _____________________ _______________________

Answer 58

initiation elongation termination

Question 59

have a cap and tail to help bind the ribosomal subunit.

Answer 59

mRNA molecules

Question 60

mRNA binds to the small | ribosomal subunit, then an initiator tRNA anti codon molecule binds to the start codon (AUG) bringing with it Methionine

Answer 60

Intitiation

Question 61

Subsequent mRNA codons attract incoming tRNA anticodons in proper sequence (in sets of 3 nucleotides per amino acid)

Answer 61

codon recognition

Question 62

The ribosome acts as a catalyst and connects the growing amino acid tail with the amino acid on the incoming tRNA.

Answer 62

peptide bond formation

Question 63

Empty tRNAs are released from the ribosome, incoming tRNAs switch places, and the mRNA moves down one codon.

Answer 63

translocation

Question 64

tRNA are recharged and use ATP

Answer 64

wlamins acids

Question 65

anticodons from tRNA bind with codons on mRNA in - codon recognition - peptide formation - translocation

Answer 65

elongation

Question 66

Elongation continues until the ribosome reaches a

Answer 66

stop codon

Question 67

A mutation is a permanent change in the

Answer 67

nucleotide sequence of DNA

Question 68

___________within a gene can be divided into two general categories.

Answer 68

Mutations

Question 69

single base substitutions can alter

Answer 69

1 amino acid in a protein

Question 70

Insertions and deletions of a_____________can cause a change in the entire reading frame

Answer 70

nucleotide

Question 71

sources that cause mutations

Answer 71

mutagens

Question 72

Although mutations are usually always harmful to an organism, they are considered a driving force of

Answer 72

diversity and variation.

Question 73

are essentially, just DNA packaged inside proteins

Answer 73

Viruses

Question 74

They aren’t considered living because they lack certain cellular mechanisms, such as growth.

Answer 74

Viruses

Question 75

Viruses that attack bacteria are called

Answer 75

bacteriaphages

Question 76

After infection of a bacteria, the virus enters one of two

Answer 76

reproductive cycles lytic or lysogenic cycles

Question 77

The study of HIV which causes the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has significantly enhanced researchers understanding of

Answer 77

Viruses

Question 78

HIV is a _____________, an RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule.

Answer 78

retrovirus

Question 79

Retroviruses copy their RNA to DNA using the enzyme ___________________.

Answer 79

reverse transcription

Question 80

This enables the virus to incorporate is viral DNA in the host's _______ of a human.

Answer 80

DNA

Question 81

Overtime HIV may result in

Answer 81

AID's