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Biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 21 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 21 Flashcards

1
Q

is the scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment.

A

ecology

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2
Q

Environmental characteristics are classified into what two major components.

A

abiotic and biotic characteristics

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3
Q

Physical and nonliving chemical characteristics, such as temperature, soil moisture, or CO2 availability.

A

abiotic characteristics

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4
Q

Relation of living organisms with the environment, ex: population density or bacterial load.

A

biotic characteristics

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5
Q

– This is the simplest level of ecology.

– It exposes how well individual organisms cope with the challenges of their abiotic enviroment

A

organismal ecology

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6
Q

– At this level, ecologists study populations: groups of
individuals of the same species living in the same area.
– This focuses primarily on population-level factors such as population and growth

A

population ecology

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7
Q

Organismal ecology exposes how well individual organisms cope with the challenges of their

A

abiotic enviroment

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8
Q

– At this level, ecologists study populations: groups of
individuals of the same species living in the same area.
– This focuses primarily on population-level factors such as population density and growth

A

populational ecology

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9
Q

In population ecology they focus primarily on population-level factors such as

A

population density and growth

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10
Q

– This is the study of species assemblages and their enviromental interactions
– At this level, ecologists study the structure and organization of how all the species in an area interact together.

A

community ecology

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11
Q

community ecology is the study of species assemblages and their

A

enviromental interactions

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12
Q

This is the most dynamic and complex type of ecology. Focused on energy flow and cycling of chemicals amoung the various abiotic and biotic

A

ecosystem ecology

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13
Q

Ecosystem ecology focuses on

A

energy flow and cycling of chemicals amoung the various abiotic and biotic

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14
Q

are what largely determine which type of organism can live where.

A

abiotic enviroment

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15
Q

Specific organisms are specialized to live

A

in specific enviroments

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16
Q

-In the desert, organisms deal with ____________ _______________
– In temperate climates, organisms deal with _______________________.

A

heat and water loss

seasonal changes

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17
Q

Energy in all ecosystems is ultimately traced back to ___ ______ which plants transfer into chemical energy

A

solar energy

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18
Q

The more plants, the _________________________________

A

greater potential for diversity of life

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19
Q

Availability of sunlight affects

A

aquatic and terrestrial

environments.

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20
Q

– A challenge in the water is ____________________.

A

light fading with depth

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21
Q

On land shading by other

A

organisms is a problem

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22
Q

n response, plants and animals have different strategies to cope with

A

a little and a lot of sunlight

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23
Q

Environmental temperature has a critical effect on an

A

organisms metabolism.

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24
Q

Few organisms can maintain a sufficiently active metabolism

A

at temperatures at or around 0*c

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25
Q

Temperatures above __________________________ of most organisms.

A

45*c destroy the enzymes

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26
Q

Some bacteria and archaea

Are unique because they can live in extreme temperatures

A

the enzymes the function apciolly at extreme temperatures

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27
Q

Marine organisms have to balance their cells against

A

the high salt concentration found in sea-water.

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28
Q

Freshwater organisms must regulate water intake because they live in a _________________________.

A

hypotonic enviroment

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29
Q

___________ organisms must conserve water and avoid water loss.

A

Terrestrial

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30
Q

Because water exists as three forms on earth, organisms need to be able to utilize these forms depending on

A

their environment.

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31
Q

Aquatic but not terrestrial ecosystems are more limited by

A
  • levels of salinity or desolved oxoygen
  • currents
  • tides
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32
Q

Wind patterns, storms and fire can also effect

A

an organisms’ use of their environment or growth patterns.

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33
Q

Many plants depend on wind to _____________________. Other organisms require wind to blow in nutrients.

A

blow nutrients

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34
Q

The distribution and abundance of plants is often determined by the

A

Availability of Nitrogen and phospherous

– The structure, pH, and nutrient content of the soil

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35
Q

In many aquatic ecosystems the growth of algae and

photosynthetic bacteria is often limited by levels of

A
  • nitrogen

- phosphate

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36
Q

__________________ can have huge impact on biological communities.

A

Catastrophic disturbances

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37
Q

Some of these catastrophic disturbances are irregular and random (e.g., __________________________________).

A

earthquakes, fires,, volcanos

38
Q

Other disturbances have a certain degree of periodicity (_____________________________).

A

hurracanes, toradoes, foods

39
Q

After a disturbance, ________________________ (re-growth of habitat) takes place.

A

ecological sucession

40
Q

On occasion, these can actually drive variation,

A

because this selects for organisms favored under stress

41
Q

Because organisms continually interact with their environment, ____________ will select for certain phenotypes and against others.

A

natural selection

42
Q

The three areas of adaptation in which natural selection acts on a phenotype are _____________ ______________________________.

A

physology, anatomy, and behavior

43
Q

__________________ is a physiological adjustment to an environmental change.

A

acclamation

44
Q

Among vertebrates, birds and mammals can tolerate the greatest temperature extremes because they are __________________(warm blooded animals, whose metabolism remains constant)

A

endotherms

45
Q

While the metabolism of ectotherms, like reptiles (cold blooded animals) fluctuates with their environment, and _________________ can tolerate only limited climates.

A

ectoderms

46
Q

There are many anatomical features that allow organisms to cope with environmental challenges.
These include

A

changes in body shape or having specific anatomical features.

47
Q

Reversible change, ____________________________ __________________, is an example of acclimation.

A

such a heavier fur coat in responce to cold weather

48
Q

Most behavioral adaptations are limited to

A

animals since plants lack the ability to move around.

49
Q

Behavioral Responses include:
– _______________________________
– Ectotherms may shuttle between _____________
– Migratory birds travel great distances in response to ____________________.

A
  • specialized needs
  • sun and shade.
  • changing seasons
50
Q

A major terrestrial or aquatic life zone

A

biome

51
Q

a biome is characterized by

A

– vegatative type n terrestrial biomes

– The physical enviroment in aquatic biomes

52
Q

– Are determined by their salinity & other physical factors
–occupy roughly 75% of the earths surface

A

Aquatic biomes

53
Q

typically have a salt concentration of less than 1%

-they are found

A

freshwater biomes

54
Q

example of standing water

A

lakes and ponds

55
Q

example of flowing water

A

river and streams

56
Q

The ___________, named because light is available for photosynthesis, includes algae and plant growth

A

photic zone

57
Q

The ___________ is deeper, and the light levels are too low to support photosynthesis

A

aphotic zone

58
Q

is at the bottom of all aquatic biomes

A

benthic realm

59
Q

the benthic realm is

A

– Made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments

– Occupied by communities of organisms that are collectively called benthos

60
Q

In lakes and large ponds, the communities of plants, algae, and animals are distributed according to the

A
  • depth of water

- distance from shore

61
Q

rivers and streams

A

– Are bodies of water flowing in one direction

– Generally support quite different communities of organisms than lakes and ponds

62
Q

Often build ____ to control floods, to provide reservoirs for drinking water, or to generate hydroelectric power.

A

dams

63
Q

A ____________ is a transitional biome between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one.

A

wetland

64
Q

– Wetlands

– Support the growth of aquatic plants and are _________________(different kinds of species living in a given area)

A

rich in species diversity

65
Q

Marine Bionomes Typically have a salt concentration around __________.

A

3%

66
Q

Marine Binomes are

A

oceans and coral reefs

67
Q

Marine biomes are diverse,

A

ranging from vivid coral reefs to perpetually dark realms in the deepest regions.

68
Q

As in freshwater biomes, the seafloor is known as the ________________________.

A

benthic relms

69
Q

In these sunlit areas photosynthesis by ____________ (photosynthetic algae and bacteria) and multicellular algae provides energy for a diverse community of animals.

A

phytoplankton

70
Q

– The pelagic zone includes
– _____________(free-floating animals, including
many microscopic ones)
– _____________________

A

zooplankton

fish and marine plankton

71
Q

biome occurs in the photic zone of warm tropical waters, in scattered locations around the globe.

A

the coral reef

72
Q

biome occurs in shallow areas such as the submerged parts of continents are called _______________________.

A

continental shelf

73
Q

The photic zone (200m) includes _________________________.

A

palegic and benthic regions

74
Q
  • are transition areas between a rive and an ocean

- Have a saltiness ranging from nearly that of fresh water to that of the ocean

A

estuaries

75
Q

Terrestrial biomes are primarily determined by – ____________________________.

A

temperature and rainfall

76
Q

Earth’s global climate patterns are largely the result

of

A

—The input of radiant energy from the sun

– The planet’s movement in space

77
Q

Mountains affect climate in two major ways.

A

– 1st: air temperature drops as elevation increases.

– 2nd: mountaisn can block the flow of air from the coast

78
Q

Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes primarily on the __________________________________.

A

basis of their vegatation type

79
Q

Tropical forests occur in equatorial areas, where the temperature is warm, and where days are _________ ______________________.

A

11-12 hour long days year round

80
Q

—Are dominated by grasses and scattered trees
– Are warm year-round
– Experience rainfall roughly 12-20 in per year with dramatic seasonal variation

A

savannas

81
Q

Deserts

A

the driests of all bionomes

82
Q

__________________ has a climate that results from cool ocean currents circulating offshore and producing mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.

A

chaparrel

83
Q

_______________________ –
Have 10–30 inches of rain per year
– Experience frequent droughts and fires

A

Temperate grasslands:(are mostly treeless )

84
Q

Are dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees

– Include the northern coniferous forest, or taiga he largest terrestrial biome on Earth

A

coniferous forests

85
Q 
Covers expansive areas of the Arctic between the taiga and polar ice
– Is characterized by:
– permafrost (permanently frozen
subsoil)
– Bitterly cold temperatures
-high winds
A

tundra

86
Q

______________ covers the land at high latitudes north of the arctic tundra in the northern hemisphere and Antarctica in the southern hemisphere.
– Only a small portion of these land masses is free of ice or snow, even during the summer.

A

polar ice

87
Q

All parts of the biosphere are linked by the

A

global water cycle.

88
Q

The destruction of tropical rain forests reduces

A

the amount of water vapor in the air, which can affect rainfall.

89
Q

Pumping large amounts of groundwater to the surface for irrigation _________________________________ _____________________.

A

increases the rate of evaporation over lands

90
Q

This can lead to an imbalance of water distribution over biomes, _______________________________.

A

offecting life in them

Biology 100 (23 decks)

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