Biology 100 Unit 21

Question 1

is the scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment.

Answer 1

ecology

Question 2

Environmental characteristics are classified into what two major components.

Answer 2

abiotic and biotic characteristics

Question 3

Physical and nonliving chemical characteristics, such as temperature, soil moisture, or CO2 availability.

Answer 3

abiotic characteristics

Question 4

Relation of living organisms with the environment, ex: population density or bacterial load.

Answer 4

biotic characteristics

Question 5

– This is the simplest level of ecology.

– It exposes how well individual organisms cope with the challenges of their abiotic enviroment

Answer 5

organismal ecology

Question 6

– At this level, ecologists study populations: groups of
individuals of the same species living in the same area.
– This focuses primarily on population-level factors such as population and growth

Answer 6

population ecology

Question 7

Organismal ecology exposes how well individual organisms cope with the challenges of their

Answer 7

abiotic enviroment

Question 8

– At this level, ecologists study populations: groups of
individuals of the same species living in the same area.
– This focuses primarily on population-level factors such as population density and growth

Answer 8

populational ecology

Question 9

In population ecology they focus primarily on population-level factors such as

Answer 9

population density and growth

Question 10

– This is the study of species assemblages and their enviromental interactions
– At this level, ecologists study the structure and organization of how all the species in an area interact together.

Answer 10

community ecology

Question 11

community ecology is the study of species assemblages and their

Answer 11

enviromental interactions

Question 12

This is the most dynamic and complex type of ecology. Focused on energy flow and cycling of chemicals amoung the various abiotic and biotic

Answer 12

ecosystem ecology

Question 13

Ecosystem ecology focuses on

Answer 13

energy flow and cycling of chemicals amoung the various abiotic and biotic

Question 14

are what largely determine which type of organism can live where.

Answer 14

abiotic enviroment

Question 15

Specific organisms are specialized to live

Answer 15

in specific enviroments

Question 16

-In the desert, organisms deal with ____________ _______________
– In temperate climates, organisms deal with _______________________.

Answer 16

heat and water loss

seasonal changes

Question 17

Energy in all ecosystems is ultimately traced back to ___ ______ which plants transfer into chemical energy

Answer 17

solar energy

Question 18

The more plants, the _________________________________

Answer 18

greater potential for diversity of life

Question 19

Availability of sunlight affects

Answer 19

aquatic and terrestrial

environments.

Question 20

– A challenge in the water is ____________________.

Answer 20

light fading with depth

Question 21

On land shading by other

Answer 21

organisms is a problem

Question 22

n response, plants and animals have different strategies to cope with

Answer 22

a little and a lot of sunlight

Question 23

Environmental temperature has a critical effect on an

Answer 23

organisms metabolism.

Question 24

Few organisms can maintain a sufficiently active metabolism

Answer 24

at temperatures at or around 0*c

Question 25

Temperatures above __________________________ of most organisms.

Answer 25

45*c destroy the enzymes

Question 26

Some bacteria and archaea | Are unique because they can live in extreme temperatures

Answer 26

the enzymes the function apciolly at extreme temperatures

Question 27

Marine organisms have to balance their cells against

Answer 27

the high salt concentration found in sea-water.

Question 28

Freshwater organisms must regulate water intake because they live in a _________________________.

Answer 28

hypotonic enviroment

Question 29

___________ organisms must conserve water and avoid water loss.

Answer 29

Terrestrial

Question 30

Because water exists as three forms on earth, organisms need to be able to utilize these forms depending on

Answer 30

their environment.

Question 31

Aquatic but not terrestrial ecosystems are more limited by

Answer 31

- levels of salinity or desolved oxoygen - currents - tides

Question 32

Wind patterns, storms and fire can also effect

Answer 32

an organisms’ use of their environment or growth patterns.

Question 33

Many plants depend on wind to _____________________. Other organisms require wind to blow in nutrients.

Answer 33

blow nutrients

Question 34

The distribution and abundance of plants is often determined by the

Answer 34

Availability of Nitrogen and phospherous | – The structure, pH, and nutrient content of the soil

Question 35

In many aquatic ecosystems the growth of algae and | photosynthetic bacteria is often limited by levels of

Answer 35

- nitrogen | - phosphate

Question 36

__________________ can have huge impact on biological communities.

Answer 36

Catastrophic disturbances

Question 37

Some of these catastrophic disturbances are irregular and random (e.g., __________________________________).

Answer 37

earthquakes, fires,, volcanos

Question 38

Other disturbances have a certain degree of periodicity (_____________________________).

Answer 38

hurracanes, toradoes, foods

Question 39

After a disturbance, ________________________ (re-growth of habitat) takes place.

Answer 39

ecological sucession

Question 40

On occasion, these can actually drive variation,

Answer 40

because this selects for organisms favored under stress

Question 41

Because organisms continually interact with their environment, ____________ will select for certain phenotypes and against others.

Answer 41

natural selection

Question 42

The three areas of adaptation in which natural selection acts on a phenotype are _____________ ______________________________.

Answer 42

physology, anatomy, and behavior

Question 43

__________________ is a physiological adjustment to an environmental change.

Answer 43

acclamation

Question 44

Among vertebrates, birds and mammals can tolerate the greatest temperature extremes because they are __________________(warm blooded animals, whose metabolism remains constant)

Answer 44

endotherms

Question 45

While the metabolism of ectotherms, like reptiles (cold blooded animals) fluctuates with their environment, and _________________ can tolerate only limited climates.

Answer 45

ectoderms

Question 46

There are many anatomical features that allow organisms to cope with environmental challenges. These include

Answer 46

changes in body shape or having specific anatomical features.

Question 47

Reversible change, ____________________________ __________________, is an example of acclimation.

Answer 47

such a heavier fur coat in responce to cold weather

Question 48

Most behavioral adaptations are limited to

Answer 48

animals since plants lack the ability to move around.

Question 49

Behavioral Responses include: – _______________________________ – Ectotherms may shuttle between _____________ – Migratory birds travel great distances in response to ____________________.

Answer 49

- specialized needs - sun and shade. - changing seasons

Question 50

A major terrestrial or aquatic life zone

Answer 50

biome

Question 51

a biome is characterized by

Answer 51

– vegatative type n terrestrial biomes | – The physical enviroment in aquatic biomes

Question 52

– Are determined by their salinity & other physical factors --occupy roughly 75% of the earths surface

Answer 52

Aquatic biomes

Question 53

typically have a salt concentration of less than 1% | -they are found

Answer 53

freshwater biomes

Question 54

example of standing water

Answer 54

lakes and ponds

Question 55

example of flowing water

Answer 55

river and streams

Question 56

The ___________, named because light is available for photosynthesis, includes algae and plant growth

Answer 56

photic zone

Question 57

The ___________ is deeper, and the light levels are too low to support photosynthesis

Answer 57

aphotic zone

Question 58

is at the bottom of all aquatic biomes

Answer 58

benthic realm

Question 59

the benthic realm is

Answer 59

– Made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments | – Occupied by communities of organisms that are collectively called benthos

Question 60

In lakes and large ponds, the communities of plants, algae, and animals are distributed according to the

Answer 60

- depth of water | - distance from shore

Question 61

rivers and streams

Answer 61

– Are bodies of water flowing in one direction | – Generally support quite different communities of organisms than lakes and ponds

Question 62

Often build ____ to control floods, to provide reservoirs for drinking water, or to generate hydroelectric power.

Answer 62

dams

Question 63

A ____________ is a transitional biome between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one.

Answer 63

wetland

Question 64

– Wetlands | – Support the growth of aquatic plants and are _________________(different kinds of species living in a given area)

Answer 64

rich in species diversity

Question 65

Marine Bionomes Typically have a salt concentration around __________.

Answer 65

3%

Question 66

Marine Binomes are

Answer 66

oceans and coral reefs

Question 67

Marine biomes are diverse,

Answer 67

ranging from vivid coral reefs to perpetually dark realms in the deepest regions.

Question 68

As in freshwater biomes, the seafloor is known as the ________________________.

Answer 68

benthic relms

Question 69

In these sunlit areas photosynthesis by ____________ (photosynthetic algae and bacteria) and multicellular algae provides energy for a diverse community of animals.

Answer 69

phytoplankton

Question 70

– The pelagic zone includes – _____________(free-floating animals, including many microscopic ones) – _____________________

Answer 70

zooplankton fish and marine plankton

Question 71

biome occurs in the photic zone of warm tropical waters, in scattered locations around the globe.

Answer 71

the coral reef

Question 72

biome occurs in shallow areas such as the submerged parts of continents are called _______________________.

Answer 72

continental shelf

Question 73

The photic zone (200m) includes _________________________.

Answer 73

palegic and benthic regions

Question 74

- are transition areas between a rive and an ocean | - Have a saltiness ranging from nearly that of fresh water to that of the ocean

Answer 74

estuaries

Question 75

Terrestrial biomes are primarily determined by – ____________________________.

Answer 75

temperature and rainfall

Question 76

Earth’s global climate patterns are largely the result | of

Answer 76

---The input of radiant energy from the sun | – The planet’s movement in space

Question 77

Mountains affect climate in two major ways.

Answer 77

– 1st: air temperature drops as elevation increases. | – 2nd: mountaisn can block the flow of air from the coast

Question 78

Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes primarily on the __________________________________.

Answer 78

basis of their vegatation type

Question 79

Tropical forests occur in equatorial areas, where the temperature is warm, and where days are _________ ______________________.

Answer 79

11-12 hour long days year round

Question 80

---Are dominated by grasses and scattered trees – Are warm year-round – Experience rainfall roughly 12-20 in per year with dramatic seasonal variation

Answer 80

savannas

Question 81

Deserts

Answer 81

the driests of all bionomes

Question 82

__________________ has a climate that results from cool ocean currents circulating offshore and producing mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.

Answer 82

chaparrel

Question 83

_______________________ – Have 10–30 inches of rain per year – Experience frequent droughts and fires

Answer 83

Temperate grasslands:(are mostly treeless )

Question 84

Are dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees | – Include the northern coniferous forest, or taiga he largest terrestrial biome on Earth

Answer 84

coniferous forests

Question 85

``` Covers expansive areas of the Arctic between the taiga and polar ice – Is characterized by: – permafrost (permanently frozen subsoil) – Bitterly cold temperatures -high winds ```

Answer 85

tundra

Question 86

______________ covers the land at high latitudes north of the arctic tundra in the northern hemisphere and Antarctica in the southern hemisphere. – Only a small portion of these land masses is free of ice or snow, even during the summer.

Answer 86

polar ice

Question 87

All parts of the biosphere are linked by the

Answer 87

global water cycle.

Question 88

The destruction of tropical rain forests reduces

Answer 88

the amount of water vapor in the air, which can affect rainfall.

Question 89

Pumping large amounts of groundwater to the surface for irrigation _________________________________ _____________________.

Answer 89

increases the rate of evaporation over lands

Question 90

This can lead to an imbalance of water distribution over biomes, _______________________________.

Answer 90

offecting life in them