Biology 100 Unit 9

Question 1

is the scientific study of heredity

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Answer 2

heredity

Question 3

was the first to study genetics. He did this by observing patterns of inhertance in pea plants

Answer 3

Gregor Mendel

Question 4

Organisms are composed pf combination of many different

Answer 4

traits

Question 5

Some traits are common and are referred to as ________________________ while others may be rare or unusual

Answer 5

wild type traits

Question 6

The reason why we see such differences is because

Answer 6

individuals may possess variations of each gene

Question 7

The overall appearance of an organism is called its ______________ it includes its physiology

Answer 7

phenotype

Question 8

AN organism’s genetic makeup is called its ___________. It is all the organisms genes and their exact

Answer 8

genotype

Question 9

genes exist at specific positions pn chromosomes called gene_____________

Answer 9

locus

Question 10

mendel studied

Answer 10

garden

Question 11

Pea plants have a variety of easily __________

Answer 11

observed traits

Question 12

Pea plants ___________________

Answer 12

self fertilize

Question 13

Medel ___________________ plants with different plants with different traits. He found true breeds/ pure breeds individuals and created ___________________

Answer 13

cross fertilized; hybrids

Question 14

genes have different versions which we call

Answer 14

alleles

Question 15

Alleles can be _____ or _____

Answer 15

dominant or recessive

Question 16

Diploid organisms have _________ alleles for a gien gene

Answer 16

2

Question 17

Each egg carries _________ and each sperm carries _____________ when them fuse 2 allels for creating a diploid organism

Answer 17

1 allele

Question 18

A ___________ is a cross between organisms that differ in only 1 trait. In this example, the different trait amongst the parent plants is the color of the flower

Answer 18

monohybrid cross

Question 19

____________ can be performed for multiple traits

Answer 19

monohybrid cross

Question 20

An explanation of a monohybrid cross is a

Answer 20

punnett square

Question 21

when eggs and sperm form allele pairs seperate from parent cells to make cells

Answer 21

law of independent assortment

Question 22

The result of the law of independent assortment is that

Answer 22

each haploid gamet is unique and has only one allele of each gene

Question 23

A chromosome pair consists of two

Answer 23

homologous chromosomes

Question 24

if the alleles on two homologous chromosomes are identical

Answer 24

homozygous

Question 25

if the alleles are different this is called

Answer 25

heterozygous

Question 26

Example of a homozygous dominant

Answer 26

PP

Question 27

Example of a homozygous recessive

Answer 27

pp

Question 28

Example of a heterozygous

Answer 28

Pp

Question 29

_______ looks at organisms with 2 traits of interest

Answer 29

dihybrids cross

Question 30

because alleles assort independently of other alleles during gamete formation formation

Answer 30

the results in all possible combination

Question 31

Mendel's principles apply to all organisms including the inheritance of thousands of

Answer 31

human traits

Question 32

to determine the patterns of inheritance among families genetics draw

Answer 32

pedigrees

Question 33

these illustrate the history of a trait in a family

Answer 33

pedigrees

Question 34

the human disease hypercholesterolemia is another example of

Answer 34

incomplete dominance

Question 35

Blood type ______ is the recessive phenotype

Answer 35

O

Question 36

__ and __ are two _______ alleles

Answer 36

A B Codominat

Question 37

since most of these disorders are fairly rare we can conclude that they are ___________

Answer 37

recessive

Question 38

is the dominat disorder known as dwarfism. This condition is found in heterozygotes

Answer 38

Achondroplasia

Question 39

In dwarfism DD is a

Answer 39

leathal combination

Question 40

Additional tests can reveal

Answer 40

- incomplete dominance - multi-allelic inheritance - peitropy - polygenic inheritance

Question 41

When F1 offspring have an appearance is an intermediate between two extreme parental phenotypes, this is the result of allelic

Answer 41

incomplete dominance

Question 42

The human disease hypercholesterolemia is another example of

Answer 42

example of incomplete dominance

Question 43

If you are homozygous for the A allele (IAIA) or are heterozygous (IAi) your blood type is

Answer 43

A

Question 44

If you are homozygous for the B allele (IBIB) or are heterozygous (IBi) your blood type is

Answer 44

B

Question 45

If you are heterozygous with both dominant alleles present, you have blood type

Answer 45

AB

Question 46

``` blood group gene in humans is an Blood Group (Phenotype) Genotypes Carbohydrates Present on Red Blood Cells Carbohydrate A Carbohydrate B Carbohydrate A and Carbohydrate B Neither example for a IAIA gene with A or multiple alleles. ```

Answer 46

ABO

Question 47

If a single gene affects more than one trait, this is called

Answer 47

pleiotropy

Question 48

If two or more genes have combined effects on the phenotype, this is called polygenic inheritance this occurs because

Answer 48

more than 1 gene influences the phenotype expressed

Question 49

In addition to genetics, there are many ________________ that help shape the phenotype.

Answer 49

environmental influences

Question 50

Linked genes are located close together on a chromosome, therefore during crossing over (in Prophase I of Meiosis) they are

Answer 50

often inherited together

Question 51

To determine how crossing over worked, scientists used the fruit fly

Answer 51

disophila melangaster

Question 52

Using Drosophila, frequencies of gene inheritance (from crossing over) were determined. Based the frequent genes were inherited together, the more likely they are located

Answer 52

closer together on the same chromosome

Question 53

This allows us to determine the order and spacing of genes on a chromosome, resulting in a

Answer 53

linkage map

Question 54

Among the chromosome pairs of organisms, one pair may be the one carrying the genes to determine

Answer 54

the sex of an individual.

Question 55

Males | Females

Answer 55

XY | XX

Question 56

Genes located on sex chromosomes are called

Answer 56

sex linked genes

Question 57

The inheritance of ___________in the fruit fly illustrates an X-linked recessive trait in the fruit fly Drosophila melanoganaster.

Answer 57

white eye color

Question 58

Among humans, a common type of sex-linked disorder is

Answer 58

red/green color blindness

Question 59

red green color bindness

Answer 59

This disorder is linked to the X chromosome. | – It is characterized by a malfunction of light- sensitive cells in the eyes.

Question 60

Another sex-linked disease is ____________, a blood- clotting disease.

Answer 60

hemophilid