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Biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 24 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 24 Flashcards

1
Q

– The expanding human population threatens
– ________________________
– ________________________

A

Biodiversity

The loss of natural resources

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2
Q

Healthy ecosystems: (4 things)

A

– Purify air and water – Decompose wastes – Recycle nutrients
– Pollinate crops

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3
Q

An organism’s biotic environment includes

A

– Other individuals in its own population

– Populations of other species living in the same area

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4
Q

– An assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction is called a ____________________.

A

community

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5
Q

are interactions between species. Classified according to effect organisms involved

A

Interspecific interactions

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6
Q

_____ interactions occur when two populations in a community compete for a common resource.

A

-/-

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7
Q

_____ interactions are mutually beneficial, such as between plants and their pollinators.

A

+/+

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8
Q

_____ interactions occur when one population benefits and the other is harmed, such as in predation.

A

+/-

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9
Q 
In interspecific (between species) competition, the population growth of a species may be limited by
– The population densities of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – By the density of its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
competing species (-/-)
own population
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10
Q

 An ecological ___________ is the sum of an organism’s abiotic and biotic resources in its environment.

A

niche

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11
Q

Interspecific competition occurs when

A

the niches of two populations overlap.

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12
Q

The _____________________________ states that if two species have an ecological niche that is too similar, the two species cannot coexist in the same place.

A

competitive exclusion principle

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13
Q

These different species of warblers have an ecological niche that overlaps, leading to ___________________

A

interspecific competition (+/-) they cant live together

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14
Q

In mutualism, ___________________________________.  An example of mutualism includes reef-building corals and
photosynthetic dinoflagellates.

A

both species from an interconnection

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15
Q

The photosynthetic dinoflagellates
– gain shelter in the cells of each coral polyp,
– produce sugars used by the polyps, and
– provide at least half of the energy used by the coral animals.
– ___________________________

A

both organisms benefit

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16
Q

Numerous adaptations for predator avoidance have evolved in

A

prey populations through natural selection.

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17
Q

– Cryptic coloration is ___________________ – A way for prey to hide from predators

A

camouflage

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18
Q

– A warning coloration is a ___________________
– Way to warn predators that an animal has an
effective chemical defense

A

brightly colored pattern

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19
Q

– Mimicry is a form of defense in which one _______ ___________________.

A

animal looks like another species

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20
Q

is the consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal.

A

Herbivory (+/–)

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21
Q

Herbivores and plants undergo

A

coevolution,

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22
Q

coevolution:
– a series of reciprocal _____________________
________________________,
– in which change in one species acts as a new selective force on another.

A

evolutionary adaptations

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23
Q

A plant whose body parts have been eaten by an animal must

A

expend energy to replace the loss.

Thus, numerous defenses against herbivores have evolved in plants.

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24
Q

– Plant defenses against herbivores include
– ______________________
– ______________________

A
  • spines and thorines

- chemical toxins

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25
Q

Plants and animals can be victims of

A

parasites and pathogens

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26
Q

__________ an organism that lives in or on a _______

from which it obtains nutrients

A

parasites, host

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27
Q

____________ include nematodes and tapeworms.

A

Internal parasites

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28
Q

______________ include mosquitoes, ticks, and aphids.

A

External parasites

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29
Q

are disease-causing microscopic parasites

A

Pathogens

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30
Q 
examples of pathogens: 
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • protists
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31
Q

is the feeding relationships among the various species in a community.

A

Trophic structure

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32
Q

is the feeding relationships among the various species in a community.

A

Trophic structure

33
Q

A community’s trophic structure determines the passage of energy and nutrients from plants and other photosynthetic organisms such as
– __________________
– __________________

A

herbavors

predators

34
Q

The trophic level that supports all other trophic levels consists of autotrophs, also called _______________.

A

producers

35
Q

All organisms in trophic levels above the producers are heterotrophs, or __________________.

A

consumers

36
Q

________ are called herbivores, which eat plants.

A

Primary consumers

37
Q

Above the level of primary consumers are

A

carnivores, which eat the consumers from the level below.

– Secondary consumerstertiary consumers quaternary consumers

38
Q

________ is lost as it moves each trophic level, limiting the number of trophic levels an ecosystem can sustain.

A

Energy

39
Q

Detritivores, which are often called scavengers, consume ______________, the dead material left by all trophic levels.

A

detrus

40
Q

which are often called scavengers, consume detrus the dead material left by all trophic levels.

A

Detritivores,

41
Q

Decomposers are _____________________, which secrete enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them into inorganic forms.

A

prokraryotes and fungi

42
Q

are prokraryotes and fungi which secrete enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them into inorganic forms.

A

Decomposers

43
Q

both Detritivores, and Decomposers

A

recycle nutrients and make them available to producers

44
Q

A _________ is a network of interconnecting food chains.

A

food web

45
Q

– In food Webs

A

– consumers may eat more than one type of producer

– several species of consumers may feed on the same species of producer.

46
Q

A food web shows mutliple interactions among producers, predators, and prey

A

which is a better representation of what occurs in nature.

47
Q

is concerned with the number of different species and their relative abundance in a community

A

Species diversity

48
Q

Species diversity is important in ecosystems because it makes them more productive and enables them to ____________________________________________.

A

rebound much faster if faced with a disturbance

49
Q

Although each of these woodlots has the same number of species, ______________________________________.

A

the more evenly distributed lot is more diverse

50
Q

have a disproportionate impact on diversity

A

Keystone species

51
Q

A _____________________ is a species whose impact on its community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates and
– occupies a niche that holds the rest of its community in place.

A

keystone species

52
Q

Examples of keystone species in marine ecosystems include – Pisaster sea stars because they keep the population of
mussels in a marine environment in check.
– WithoutPisaster,_______________________________ ____________________________________________.

A

mussels would completely dominate many marine habitats

53
Q

are events that damage biological communities.

A

Disturbance

54
Q

– Disturbances include

A

storms, fires, floods, droughts, overgrazing, or human activity.

55
Q

– The types, frequency, and severity of disturbances varies from

A

community to community.

56
Q

After a disturbance, an ________________________ follows.

A

ecological succession

57
Q

________________________ is the colonization of a species in a given habitat after a disturbance.

A

ecological succession

58
Q

– Primary succession begins in a virtually lifeless area with
no soil. Ex: _____________________________

A

volcanos and glacial activity

59
Q

– Secondary succession occurs when a disturbance destroys an existing community but leaves the soil intact.
– Ex:_____________________________________

A

fires and floods

60
Q

________________________: are organisms that have been introduced into non-native habitats by human actions and

A

invasive species

61
Q

– have established themselves at the expense of native communities.
– The absence of natural enemies often allows rapid population growth of _____________

A

invasive species.

62
Q

Examples of invasive species include the deliberate introduction of

A

– rabbits into Australia

– cane toads into Australia.

63
Q

include essential elements and chemicals needed throughout different levels of an ecosystem. They include

A

biogeochemical cycles

64
Q

Biogeochemical cycle include

A

both biotic and abiotic components

65
Q

is the major ingredient of all organic molecules

A

carbon

66
Q

Carbon is found in:
– ____________________
– ____________________
– _____________________________________

A
  • atmosphere
  • fossil fuels
  • dissolved Carbon components in ocean
67
Q

The return of CO2 to the atmosphere by respiration closely balances _______________
The carbon cycle is affected by burning wood and fossil fuels.

A

its removal by photosynthesis.

68
Q

In the phophoric cycle:

Organisms require phosphorus for ___________________ _________________________________.

A

nucleic acids, phopholipids, and ATP

69
Q

In the phophoric cycle:

The phosphorus cycle does not have

A

an atmospheric component.

70
Q

In the phophoric cycle:

are the only source of phosphorus for terrestrial ecosystems.

A

Rocks

71
Q

In the phophoric cycle:

Plants absorb phosphate ions in the soil and build them

A

into organic compounds.

72
Q

In the phophoric cycle:

Phosphates are returned to the soil by ________________

A

decomposers

73
Q

In the phophoric cycle:
_______________in aquatic ecosystems are typically low
enough to be a limiting factor.

A

Phosphate levels

74
Q

________________________________
– essential to the structure and functioning of all organisms, and
– a crucial and often limiting plant nutrient.

A

Nitrogen is an ingredient of proteins and nucleic acids,

75
Q

Nitrogen has two abiotic reservoirs: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________

A
  • the atmosphere is 80% nitrogen

- soil

76
Q

Although agricultural and other managed ecosystems are necessary to supply our needs,

A

we also depend on services provided by natural ecosystems.

77
Q 
some Healthy ecosystems
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
 – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • supply fresh water and food
  • recycle nutrients
  • decompose waste
  • regulate air quality
78
Q

converts N2 to compounds of nitrogen that can be used by plants and

A

Nitrogen fixation

79
Q

In Nitrogen fixation:

– is carried out by some _______________________.

A

bacteria

Biology 100 (23 decks)

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