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Biology 100 > Biology 100 Unit 8 > Flashcards

Biology 100 Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Cell Reproduction accomplish

A
  • reproduction

- cellular replacement or division

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2
Q

the biological creation of a new generation, occurs primarily at the cellular level

A

Reproduction

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3
Q

Cell division is critical for the replacement of ___________

A

aging or lost cells

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4
Q

Cell division is called ___________

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A
  • asexual

- sexual

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6
Q

During asexual reproduction there is no ___________________________________

A

exchange of genetic material

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7
Q

Organisms asexually reproduces by _________________________________

A

making an exact copy of itself

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8
Q

Most prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually reproduce by the process called _____________________

A

binary fission

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9
Q

During ________________________, two organisms exchange genetic material to produce a new generation of organisms that is similar

A

sexual production

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10
Q

The exchange of genetic material to produce a new generation is accomplished by _______________ such as ______________ or _______________

A

fertilization: egg, sperm or direct DNA

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11
Q

Sex cells

A

gametes

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12
Q

to achieve fertilization, gametes are produced by ___________ and _______________________

A

gonads and they must be fused

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13
Q

Each cell contains ________ of the genetic information that makes up an organism

A

all

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14
Q

The molecular formation of all the genetic information that makes up an organism

A

genome

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15
Q

Most of the genome is located in the

A

nucleus of prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

What are the two primary functions of cells?

A
  • conduct metobolic activity

- divide to create more cells

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17
Q

The metabolic phase of a cell is called

A

interphase

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18
Q

The reproductive phase is called

A

mitotic phase

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19
Q

Gap phase, Metabolic activity and synthesis of enzymes

A

G1

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20
Q

DNA synthesis, all chromosomes are duplicated

A

S phase

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21
Q

Mitotic phase, chromosomes divide and cell division occurs

A

M phase

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22
Q

last stage before mitosis, production of microtubules important for cellular division

A

G2

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23
Q

Chromosomes are assembled from DNA strands plus several ________ proteins

A

histone

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24
Q

chromosomes assembly from histone proteins is called

A

chromotin

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25
Chromosomes are unwound during what phase
interphase
26
When DNA needs to be replicated the Chromosomes are
tightly wound
27
DNA is _________ and __________ inorder that is could fit in the ____________
coiled, folded, nucleus
28
Charge of a chromosome: Protein: DNA:
Protein: + DNA: -
29
To prepare for mitosis all genetic material is
replicated
30
The two resulting copies of DNA are
sister chromatids
31
During mitosis, the sister chromatids are seperated and destributed to
different daughter cells
32
the steps leading up to a cell division are collectively know as
mitosis
33
spindal fibers
centriols
34
structures centriols attach to
kintochores
35
the chromosomes are first moved to the middle of the cell by
mitotic spindles
36
seperates the chromosomes into two identical sets and move them to polar ends of the dividing cell
spindle fibers
37
spindle fibers formed by the cell's centriols attach to the chromosomes at structures called kinetochores and guide the chromosomes into position
mitosis
38
the final step in cell formation
cytokinesis
39
cytokinesis typically coincides with
telaphase
40
During _________ the cytoplasm is split up as the new cells are completed
cytokinesis
41
In animals cytokinesis occurs by__________. This process _________ cells apart
clevage pinches
42
In plants, vesicles with cell wall material accumulate at the
cell midline
43
These vasicles form a
membranous cell plate
44
operates as a control device for cell development and growth
cell cycle
45
cancer causing agents or genetic agents may interrupt or change the timing of the cell cycle
carcinogens
46
when cells reproduce at the wrong place and time it causes
tumor growth
47
is a mass of defective cells that remain cohesive in its place of origin
benign tumor
48
is a spreading tumor whose cells may spread to other places of the body
malignant
49
may divide and spread to other parts of the body rapidly
cancer cells
50
is the spread of cancer to other places
metastasis
51
Cancerous cells originated from our own cells are often
difficult to identify
52
What are the 3 treatments for Cancer
- Surgery - Radiation - Chemotherpy
53
removes tumor tissue
Surgery
54
disrupts cell division of fast dividing cancer cells
Radiation
55
uses drugs that disrupts cell division of fast dividing cancer cells
Chemotheropy
56
The fundemental purpose of Sex is
reproduction
57
_____________ is the cellular process that prepares reproductive cells
Meiosis
58
occurs when Male and Female reproductive cell fuse
fertilization
59
_______________ are unique to each species
Chromosomal Characteristics
60
Most of the cells in an organism are ___________
diploid
61
having two sets of Chromosomes
diploid
62
diploid cells are called
somatic cells
63
In humans, somatic cells have __________ chromosomes and are denotes as __________
46, 2n
64
Reproductive cells, such as gametes only have n=23 chromosomes are
haploid
65
are an order of chromosome pairs used to determine chromosome number and characteristics
karotype
66
Matching chromosome pairs are called
homologous chromosomes
67
Humans have 22 pairs of chromosomes that are of the same size and basic composition and they are called
autosomes
68
The ___________ chromosome pair is different in men and women
23rd
69
The 23rd chromosomes are referred to as
the sex chromosomes
70
Men: ________ chromosomes Women: _______ chromosomes
XY, XX
71
the sequence of events that leads from one generation to the next referred to as the
life cycle
72
meiosis produces haploid gametes they fuse to form _____________________
diploid zygote
73
undergoes mitosis
diploid zygote
74
The steps of meiosis
1st: each chromosome is duplicated  2nd: the 1st cell division occurs (meiosis I) segregating two chromosomes of a homologous pair into two haploid daughter cells (each chromosome has two sister chromatids)  3rd: Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells (each chromosome with only 1 sister chromatid)
75
the life cycle involves an alternation of _________________________________________
the haploid and diploid stages
76
during meiosis diploid organisms produce
haploid gamates
77
exchanges genetic information, allowing variation
meisos not mitosis
78
homologous chromosomes seperate
Meiosis I
79
sister chromatids separate
Meiosis II
80
during __________ the paired homologous chromosomes may physically overlap, chromosomal pieces can be exchanged
propase I
81
there are __________________ cells released by a male during ejaculation
millions of sperm cells
82
cell division errors can change the ____________ physical characteristics
phenotypes
83
the process leading to an extra chromosome is called
nondisjunction
84
what is the result nondisjuncton
the egg has an extra chomosomes
85
an example of nondisjuncton is
down syndrome
86
down syndrome is a genetic disorder called ________________ where those affected have an extra chromosome 21
trisomy 21
87
as the mother reaches the end of her reproductive years
her changes of down syndrome increase

Biology 100 (23 decks)

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