Biology 100 Unit 19

Question 1

Biologists have developed hypotheses for the evolution of chordate groups using

Answer 1

anatomical
molecular evidence
fossil evidence

Question 2

Hagfishes and lampreys.

Answer 2

– have a notochord, but
– lack hinged jaws and paired fins.
– These are fish used to establish a lineage of other fish with heads

Question 3

quickly diversified using their paired fins and tail to chase a wide variety of prey.

Answer 3

Jawed vertebrates:

Question 4

Jaws may have evolved by modifications of skeletal supports of the _____________________________.

Answer 4

anterior pharyngeal (gill) slits

Question 5

The remaining gill slits remained as sites of _______

______________.

Answer 5

gas exchange

Question 6

What are the 3 lineages of jawed fishes with gills

Answer 6

• chondrichthyan
• ray-fined fishes
• lobe-finned fishes

Question 7

examples of chondrichthyans

Answer 7

sharks and rays

Question 8

examples of ray-finned fishes

Answer 8

tuna, trout, and goldfish

Question 9

examples of lobe-finned fishes

Answer 9

coelacanths and lungfish

Question 10

Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include

Answer 10

sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes

Question 11

sharks and rays are an example of

Answer 11

Chondrichthyans

Question 12

Chondrichthyans have a flexible skeleton made of _______,

Answer 12

cartilage

Question 13

Chondrichthyans have a ______________________ which contains sensory organs helping these organisms sense a change is temperature or water pressure.

Answer 13

lateral line system

Question 14

Chondrichthyans have ________________ on their heads,

Answer 14

electrosensors

Question 15

trout, tuna, goldfish, etc. are examples of

Answer 15

Ray-finned fishes

Question 16

Ray-finned fishes have an internal skeleton reinforced with a hard matrix of
___________________, flattened scales covered with mucus,

Answer 16

calcium phosphate

Question 17

Ray-finned fishes have an ______________ that covers a chamber of gills, and a a buoyant ____________

Answer 17

operculum, swim bladder

Question 18

_________________ with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes

Answer 18

Jawed vertebrates

Question 19

Lobe-finnedfish: ____________________________ __________ that are supported by rod-shaped bones.

Answer 19

have muscular pelvice and pectoral fins

Question 20

living deep in the oceans, were once

thought to be extinct,

Answer 20

coelacanths

Question 21

which can gulp air into lungs, inhabit stagnant waters in the Southern Hemisphere, and

Answer 21

lungfishes

Question 22

, adapted to life on land, include terrestrial vertebrates.

Answer 22

tetrapods

Question 23

Tetrapods are _________________________________ ______________________________.

Answer 23

jawed vertibates with limbs and feet that can support wight on land

Question 24

Tetrapods are considered to have evolved from a lineage of

Answer 24

lobe-finned fish.

Question 25

_____________________________ in vertebrate history, and all subsequent groups are considered descendants of these early land-dwellers.

Answer 25

Adapting to life on land was a key event

Question 26

Like plants, vertebrates faced _____________________

Answer 26

``` obsticles on land – gas exchange, – water conservation, – structuralsupport, – a means of locomotion, – adapting sensory organs that worked well in water but not on land, and – reproduction. ```

Question 27

Amphibians are____________________—vertebrates with two pairs of limbs

Answer 27

tetrapods

Question 28

salamanders, frogs, and caecilians,

Answer 28

Amphibians

Question 29

Amphibians

Answer 29

– use their moist skins to supplement their lungs for gas exchange, – often have poison glands in their skins, – usually return to standing water to reproduce, – undergo metamorphosis from a larval stage to the adult --Were the first tetrapod to move on land

Question 30

--Were the first tetrapod to move on land

Answer 30

Amphibians

Question 31

are amniotes—tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

Answer 31

reptiles

Question 32

Reptiles (including birds) and mammals are ____________

Answer 32

.amniotes

Question 33

The major derived character of this clade is an amniotic egg with four internal membranes.

Answer 33

The amnion is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo. 2. The yolk sac contains a rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo. 3. The allantois also helps dispose of metabolic waste 4. The chorion (and allantois) enable the embryo to obtain oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide.

Question 34

is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo.

Answer 34

amnion

Question 35

contains a rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo

Answer 35

yolk sac

Question 36

also helps dispose of metabolic waste

Answer 36

allantois

Question 37

(and allantois) enable the embryo to obtain | oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide.

Answer 37

chorion

Question 38

lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct dinosaurs, are examples of

Answer 38

Reptiles

Question 39

Reptiles have a skin covered with scales and waterproofed with

Answer 39

keratin

Question 40

Reptiles use there __________ to obtain oxogen

Answer 40

lungs

Question 41

reptiles are ____________ absorbing external heat rather than generating much of their own.

Answer 41

ectothermic,

Question 42

Most birds can fly, and nearly every part of their bodies reflects features that enhance flight.

Answer 42

– The forelimbs have been remodeled as feather-covered wings that act as airfoils. – Large flight muscles anchored to a central ridge along the breastbone provide power.

Question 43

Many features help reduce weight for flight:

Answer 43

Present-day birds lack teeth. – The tail is supported by only a few small vertebrae. – Feathers have hollow shafts. – Their bones have a honecomb structure that makes them strong but light

Question 44

are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight

Answer 44

Birds

Question 45

Flight is very costly, and present-day birds have a high rate of

Answer 45

metabolism

Question 46

Unlike reptiles, birds are ______________(warm-blooded), using heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

Answer 46

endothermic

Question 47

Birds have relatively large brains and display complex behaviors. They have

Answer 47

– acute senses, | – fine muscle control, and – excellent eyesight.

Question 48

Birds are considered to have evolved from a lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs called ______________.

Answer 48

therapods

Question 49

__________________ is the oldest, most primitive known bird (150 million years old), with feathered wings.

Answer 49

archaepotenyx

Question 50

are amniotes that have hair and produce milk

Answer 50

mammals

Question 51

Mammals are endothermic amniotes with – ________, which insulates their bodies, and – ______________________, which produce milk.

Answer 51

hair, mamary glands

Question 52

Mammals have______________________________ that support their high rate of metabolism

Answer 52

efficient respiratory and circulatory systems

Question 53

are differentiated for many kinds of diets.

Answer 53

Mammalian teeth

Question 54

Monotremes are ____________________________. Living monotremes include

Answer 54

egg laying mamels | ex: – the duck-billed platypus and echidnas.

Question 55

Unlike monotremes, the embryos of marsupials and eutherians are nurtured by a________________________ in which nutrients from the mother’s blood diffuse into the embryo’s blood.

Answer 55

placenta,

Question 56

have a brief gestation and give birth to tiny, embryonic offspring that complete development while attached to the mother’s nipples.

Answer 56

marsupial

Question 57

are mammals that bear fully developed live young. They are commonly called placential mammals because their placentas are more complex than those of marsupials.

Answer 57

Eutherians

Question 58

includes the lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.

Answer 58

The mammalian order Primates

Question 59

Primates probably arose as small arboreal mammals before ___________________, when dinosaurs still dominated the planet.

Answer 59

65 million years ago

Question 60

these are an example of: ______________ – Shoulder and hip joints allow climbing and brachiation. – Grasping hands and feet are highly mobile and flexible. – Sensitive hands and feet aid in manipulation. – A short snout and forward-pointing eyes enhance depth perception.

Answer 60

Many primate characters are arboreal adaptations.

Question 61

A phylogenetic tree shows that all primates are divided into three groups:

Answer 61

1. lemurs, lorises, and pottos, 2. tarsiers, 3. anthropodes including monkeys and apes with a fully opposible thumbs in which the tip of all four fingers can touch the thumb.

Question 62

Monkeys are characterized as either

Answer 62

2 groups

Question 63

lack a prehensile tail, and | – have nostrils that open downward.

Answer 63

old world monkeys

Question 64

have a prehensile tail and | – nostrils that are wide open and farther apart.

Answer 64

new world monkeys

Question 65

In addition to monkeys, the anthropoid group includes ____________ gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees (and bonobos), and humans.

Answer 65

apes:

Question 66

lack a tail and – have relatively long arms and short legs, – have relatively larger brains with respect to size.

Answer 66

apes

Question 67

Gibbons are monogamous and the only fully _____________.

Answer 67

arboreal apes

Question 68

are shy, solitary, and live in rain-forest trees and | the forest floor.

Answer 68

Orangutans

Question 69

Gorillas are the largest of the apes and _______________.

Answer 69

fully terestrial

Question 70

make and use tools.

Answer 70

Chimpanzees

Question 71

is the study of human origins and evolution, the brief history since the divergence of human and chimpanzee lineages.

Answer 71

Paleoanthropology

Question 72

Paleo anthropologists have identified about 20 species of extinct _____________, which are considered a species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees.

Answer 72

hominins

Question 73

Although humans and chimpanzees are similar in many respects, they also differ in that humans ______ ___________________________.

Answer 73

walk upright and have larger brains

Question 74

the location of what dictates the posture of an organism

Answer 74

pheraminmagnum

Question 75

are features used to identify the evolution of hominins

Answer 75

Brain size and Bipedalism

Question 76

_________________ is considered to have evolved millions of years before larger brain size. Evidence of _________________ includes morphology, fossils, & fossilized footprints.

Answer 76

Bipedalism

Question 77

had such small brains (400–450 cc) that they were too | small to be members of Homo.

Answer 77

Australopiths (means handy man)

Question 78

had a brain size of 510–690 cc. Their fossils are found | with stone tools

Answer 78

Homo habilis (handy man)

Question 79

had a brain size ranging from 750 to 850 cc. Fossils are found with more sophisticated stone tools and long, slender legs for extensive walking

Answer 79

Homo ergaster & Homo erectus (upright man)

Question 80

considered to have lived up to 28,000 years ago. They had brains as large as modern humans, and multiple tools hunted large animals

Answer 80

Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal man)

Question 81

has a brain size of around 1,300 cc.

Answer 81

homo sapiens

Question 82

Analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosomes suggests that all living humans

Answer 82

inherited their mtDNA from a woman who lived 160,000–200,000 years ago.