Biology 100 Unit 16

Question 1

single celled organisms (few exceptions) which lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

Prokaryotes are considered to be the most

Answer 2

ancient and simplest life-forms

Question 3

Prokaryotes are still the most

Answer 3

numerous and most widespread organisms on Earth today.

Question 4

Prokaryotes are two domains, ______________________.

Answer 4

Archae and Bacteria

Question 5

Prokaryotes are

Answer 5

1–5 μm in diameter

Question 6

Prokaryotes (numberous)

Answer 6

– are found wherever there is life.
– outnumber all eukaryotes
combined.

Question 7

Prokaryotes:
– can cause ________.
– can be __________.
– have no __________.

Answer 7

disease
beneficial
organelles

Question 8

Prokaryotes typically take the form of

Answer 8

1 of 3 different shapes

Question 9

Nearly all prokaryotes have

Answer 9

a cell wall

Question 10

A prokaryote’s cell walls

Answer 10

– provide physical protection and

– prevent the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment.

Question 11

When Gram stained, cell walls of bacteria are either

Answer 11

gram positive or gram negative

Question 12

with more layers of peptidoglycan, or

Answer 12

gram positive

Question 13

with less peptidoglycan, however a more complex cytoplasmic membrane & more likely to cause disease.

Answer 13

gram negative

Question 14

The cell wall of many prokaryotes is covered by a

Answer 14

capsule, a sticky layer of polysaccharides or protein.

Question 15

_____________: enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony and

Answer 15

capsule

Question 16

A capsule shields _____________________ from attacks by a host’s immune system.

Answer 16

pathogenic prokaryotes

Question 17

Some prokaryotes have external structures that extend

Answer 17

beyond the cell wall

Question 18

help prokaryotes move in their environment.

Answer 18

flagella

Question 19

Hairlike projections called ______________ enable prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or each other

Answer 19

fimbriae

Question 20

exhibit much more nutritional diversity than eukaryotes.

Answer 20

Prokaryotic

Question 21

obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon.

Answer 21

Photoautotrophs

Question 22

obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules.

Answer 22

Photoheterotrophs

Question 23

harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide for carbon.

Answer 23

Chemoautotrophs

Question 24

acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules.

Answer 24

Chemoheterotrophs

Question 25

____________: are complex associations of one or several species of prokaryotes

Answer 25

biofilms

Question 26

Prokaryotes attach to surfaces and form biofilm communi

Answer 26

are difficult to eradicate

Question 27

are large complex “cities” of microbes that – communicate by chemical signals, coordinate a division of labor & defense, and use channels to distribute nutrients and collect wastes.

Answer 27

biofilms

Question 28

example of a biofilms

Answer 28

plaque on teeth and drains in pipes

Question 29

Prokaryotes are useful for cleaning up contaminants in the environment because prokaryotes

Answer 29

– have great nutritional diversity, | – are quickly adaptable, and can form biofilms.

Question 30

______________is the use of organisms to remove | pollutants from soil, air, or water.

Answer 30

bioremediation

Question 31

are the mainstays of sewage treatements facilities

Answer 31

prokaryotic decomposers

Question 32

The domain Bacteria is currently divided into

Answer 32

five groups, based on comparisons of genetic sequences.

Question 33

all gram negative bacteria, diverse, some are symbiotic with legumes (N2 fixers)

Answer 33

Proteobacteria

Question 34

as diverse as proteobacteria

Answer 34

Gram-positive bacteria

Question 35

the only group of prokaryotes with plantlike, | oxygen-generating photosynthesis. Some are N2 fixers.

Answer 35

Cyanobacteria

Question 36

intracellular bacteria that live inside eukaryotic host cells.

Answer 36

Chlamydias

Question 37

are helical bacteria and notorious pathogens, causing syphilis and Lyme disease.

Answer 37

Spirochetes

Question 38

All organisms are almost constantly exposed to

Answer 38

pathogenic bacteria.

Question 39

Most bacteria that cause illness

Answer 39

produce a poison

Question 40

___________are proteins that bacterial cells secrete | into their environment.

Answer 40

exotoxins

Question 41

are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 41

endotoxins

Question 42

are unicellular microbes that are capable to inhabiting extreme environments. They have unusual proteins and other molecular adaptations that enable them to metabolize and reproduce effectively.

Answer 42

archae

Question 43

Extreme _____________thrive in very salty places.

Answer 43

halophiles

Question 44

– Extreme _____________thrive in – very hot water, such as geysers, and – acid pools.

Answer 44

thermophiles

Question 45

_________________: live in anaerobic environments, and give off methane as a waste product from ex: the digestive tracts of cattle, deer, and in decomposing materials of landfills.

Answer 45

Methanogens

Question 46

are a diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. Protists refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungus, however they often share some similarities to these eukaryotes.

Answer 46

Protists

Question 47

– This makes classification of Protists

Answer 47

difficult, and classification is not universal among all Biologists.difficult, and classification is not universal among all Biologists.

Question 48

Protists are found in many habitats including

Answer 48

– anywhere there is moisture and | – the bodies of host organisms.

Question 49

Protists mode of

Answer 49

diverse nutricion

Question 50

autotrophs which produce their food | by photosynthesis,

Answer 50

algae

Question 51

heterotrophs which eat bacteria and other protists.

Answer 51

protozoans

Question 52

heterotrophs which derive their nutrition from a living host

Answer 52

parasites

Question 53

use photosynthesis and heterotrophs

Answer 53

mixotrophs

Question 54

explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Answer 54

The endosymbiont theory

Question 55

eukaryotic cells evolved when

Answer 55

when prokaryotes established residence within other, larger prokaryotes.

Question 56

This theory is supported by present-day __

Answer 56

mitochondria and chlorplasts

Question 57

Support for Endosymbiosis includes

Answer 57

– structural and molecular similarities to prokaryotic cells – replication and use their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA of the cell.

Question 58

the process in which an autotrophic eukaryotic protist became endosymbiotic in a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist.

Answer 58

Secondary endosymbiosis:

Question 59

This is thought to be a key of protist diversity.

Answer 59

Secondary endosymbiosis:

Question 60

are a large supergroup including autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs.

Answer 60

Chromalveolates

Question 61

Representatives of Chromalveolates

Answer 61

– diatoms, – dinoflagellates – brown algae, – water molds, – ciliates, – Plasmodium

Question 62

____________, unicellular algae with a glass cell | wall containing silica,

Answer 62

diatoms

Question 63

____________, unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs that are common components of marine plankton,

Answer 63

dinoflagellates

Question 64

_____________, large, multicellular autotrophs,

Answer 64

brown algae

Question 65

unicellular heterotrophs,

Answer 65

water molds

Question 66

_____________, unicellular heterotrophs and mixotrophs that use cilia to move and feed,

Answer 66

ciliates

Question 67

a group including parasites, such as ____________, which causes malaria.

Answer 67

plasmodian

Question 68

are a claude (group) grouped together by DNA similarities.

Answer 68

Rhizarians

Question 69

include Foraminiferans & Radiolarians which are often referred to as amoebas

Answer 69

Rhizarians

Question 70

____________: are found in the oceans and in fresh

Answer 70

formaminaferenas

Question 71

are mostly marine – produce a mineralized internal skeleton made of silica.

Answer 71

Radiolarians:

Question 72

is a new clade on the basis of molecular and morphological similarities.

Answer 72

excavata

Question 73

have modified mitochondria that lack functional electron transport chains and use anaerobic pathways such as glycolysis to extract energy.

Answer 73

excavates