Flashcards in biology chapter 1 Deck (118)
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metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
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catabolic reactions
break down large chemicals and release energy
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anabolic reactions
which build up large chemicals and require energy
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ingestion
the acquisition of food and other raw materials
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digestion
the process of converting food into a usable soluble form so that it can pass through membranes in the digestive tract and enter the body
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absorption
the passage of nutrient molecules through the living of the digestive tract into the body proper
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transport
the circulation of essential compounds required to nourish the tissues, and the removal of waste products from the tissue
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assimilation
the building up of new tissues from digested food materials
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respiration
the consumption of oxygen and glucose by the body. Cells use oxygen to convert glucose to ATP, a ready source of energy for cellular activities
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excretion
the removal of waste products (such as carbon dioxide, water, and urea) produced during metabolic processes like respiration and assimilation
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synthesis
the creation of complex molecules from simple ones (anabolism)
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regulation
the control of physiological activies
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homeostasis
the body's metabolism functions to maintain its internal environment in a changing external environment
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irritability
is the ability to respond to a stimulus and is part of regulation
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growth
an increase in size due to synthesis of new materials
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photosynthesis
the process by which plants convert CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates. Sunlight is harnessed by chlorophyll to drive this reaction
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reproduction
the generation of additional individuals of a species
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protoplasm
the substance of life
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atoms
are joined by chemical bonds to form compounds
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inorganic compounds
are compounds that do not contain the element carbon including salts and HCl
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organic compounds
are made by living systems and contain carbon. They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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carbohydrates
are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio, respectively
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monosaccharide
like glucose and fructose are single sugar subunits
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disaccharide
like maltose and sucrose are composed of two monosaccharide subunits joined by dehydration synthesis which involves loss of a water molecule
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polysaccharide
are polymers or chaings of repeating monosaccharide subunits. Examples are glycogen and starch
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hydrolysis
by adding water lage polymers can be broken down into smaller subunits
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triglyceride
consists of 3 ftty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol backbone
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lipids
are the chief means of food storage in animals
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phospholipids
contain glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and nitrogen containing alcohol and cephalin
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