Body Systems Final B (vocabulary) Flashcards
Vocabulary Ch 8,9,11, 13, 14 (384 cards)
1
Q
The ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them. Humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T cells) are examples.
A
adaptive immunity
2
Q
Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx.
A
adenoids
3
Q
Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments.
A
adnexa of the uterus
4
Q
Major protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood.
A
albumin
5
Q
Absence of menses for 6 months or for more than three of the patient’s normal menstrual cycles.
A
amenorrhea
6
Q
Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
A
amniocentesis
7
Q
Innermost membrane surrounding the embryo and fetus.
A
amnion
8
Q
fluid produced by fetal membranes and the fetus.
A
amniotic fluid
9
Q
Hormone, Testosterone is an androgen. The testes in males and the adrenal glands in both men and women produce androgens.
A
androgen
10
Q
X-ray record of blood vessels.
A
angiogram
11
Q
Surgical repair of a blood vessel.
A
angioplasty
12
Q
Cells are unequal in size. An abnormality of red blood cells; they are of unequal (anis/o) size; -cytosis means an increase in the number of cells.
A
anisocytosis
13
Q
Pertaining to the absence of ovulation.
A
anovulatory
14
Q
without oxygen; is an extreme form of hypoxia.
A
anoxia
15
Q
Protein (immunoglobulin) produced by B cells (lymphocytes) to destroy antigens.
A
antibody
16
Q
Substance that prevents blood clotting.
A
anticoagulant
17
Q
Foreign substance or toxin that stimulates the production of an antibody.
A
antigen
18
Q
Largest artery in the body.
A
aorta
19
Q
Narrowing of the aorta.
A
aortic stenosis
20
Q
Lower tip of the heart.
A
apex of the heart
21
Q
Dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple.
A
areola
22
Q
Irregular or abnormal heart rhythm; abnormal heartbeat; literally, without rhythm; dysrhythmia
A
arrhythmia
23
Q
- new surgical connection between two arteries
A
arterial anastomosis
24
Q
x-ray imaging of arteries after injection of contrast via a catheter into the aorta or an artery.
A
arteriography
25
Small artery.
arteriole
26
Hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque.
arteriosclerosis
27
Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Notice that artery and away begin with an “a.”
artery
28
Failure to produce semen (sperm and fluid). One cause of aspermia is retrograde ejaculation (sperm flows backward into the urinary bladder) as a result of prostate surgery.
aspermia
29
Absence of a spleen. The condition may be congenital or result from surgical removal.
asplenia
30
Removal of plaque (lipids and clots) that accumulates in the lining of an artery.
atherectomy
31
- mass of yellowish plaque (fatty deposits/substance); Mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery.
atheroma
32
- hardening of arteries with a yellowish fatty plaque; Fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery; a form of arteriosclerosis.
atherosclerosis
33
pertaining to an atrium- upper chamber of the heart
atrial
34
Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them.His is pronounced “hiss.”
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
35
Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles.
atrioventricular node (AV node)
36
One of two upper chambers of the heart.
atrium (plural: atria)
37
Condition in which the immune system (antibodies) attacks nomal, healthy cells, producing chronic, disabling diseases.. Examples are rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. These are chronic, disabling diseases caused by the abnormal production of antibodies against normal body tissues. Signs and symptoms are inflammation of joints, skin rash, and fever. Glucocorticoid drugs (prednisone) and other immunosuppressants (azathioprine, methotrexate) are effective as treatment but make patients susceptible to infection.
autoimmune disease
38
Lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm).
axillary nodes
39
Lack of spermatozoa (sperm) in the semen. Causes include testicular dysfunction, chemotherapy, blockage of the epididymis, and vasectomy. HINT: Azoospermia is semen without sperm, while aspermia is no semen at all.
azoospermia
40
Lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to the bone marrow, which is where B cells most often originate.
B cell (B lymphocyte)
41
Inflammation of the glans penis.
balanitis
42
Small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body). Caspar Bartholin was a Danish anatomist who described the glands in 1637.
Bartholin glands
43
Inflammation of Bartholin glands.
bartholinitis
44
White blood cell containing granules that stain blue (with basic dye); associated with release of histamine and heparin.
basophil
45
Benign growth of cells within the prostate gland. BPH is a common condition in men older than 60 years of age.
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
46
Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed.
bilirubin
47
Artery that carries blood to the arm.
brachial artery
48
condition of slow heartbeat; Slower than 60 beats per minute. Normal pulse is about 60-100 beats per minute. Brady- means slow.
bradycardia
49
Pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra. They secrete fluid into the urethra. Also called Cowper glands.
bulbourethral glands
50
Atrioventricular bundle.
bundle of His
51
Smallest type of blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls.
capillary
52
Gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation.
carbon dioxide (CO2)
53
- circulatory failure due to poor heart function; Results from failure of the heart in its pumping action.
cardiogenic shock
54
enlargement of the heart:
cardiomegaly
55
disease condition of heart muscle:
cardiomyopathy
56
Surgical excision of testicles or ovaries.
castration
57
T cells (cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor) respond to antigens and destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity.
cell-mediated immunity
58
The fetus turns so that the head is the body part closest to the cervix (version can occur spontaneously or can be performed by the obstetrician). Fetal presentation is the manner in which the fetus appears to the examiner during delivery. A cephalic presentation is head first; a breech presentation is buttocks first; a footling breech is feet first. See Figure 8-13.
cephalic version
59
Lymph nodes in the neck region.
cervical nodes
60
Lower, neck-like portion of the uterus.
cervix
61
hard ulcer or sore usually appears on the external genitalia a few weeks after bacterial infection.
chancre
62
Bacterial infection (by Chlamydia trachomatis) of the urethra and reproductive tract.
chlamydia
63
Outermost membrane surrounding the embryo and fetus; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.
chorion
64
Pertaining to the chorion.
chorionic
65
Surgical procedure to remove the prepuce (foreskin) of the penis.
circumcision
66
Organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra.
clitoris
67
Blood clotting.
coagulation
68
Disease of blood clotting.
coagulopathy
69
Sexual intercourse; copulation. Pronunciation is KO-ih-tus.
coitus
70
Protein factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of developing blood cells. Examples are granulocyte CSF, erythropoietin, and thrombopoietin.
colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
71
Microscopic visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope.
colposcopy
72
Set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target.
complement system
73
Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
coronary arteries
74
Empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus).
corpus luteum
75
Technique for prostate cancer treatment using freezing temperatures to destroy cancer cells.
cryogenic surgery
76
Undescended testicles at the time of birth. Orchiopexy is performed to bring the testes into the scrotum if they do not descend on their own by the age of 1 or 2 years
cryptorchidism; cryptorchism
77
Region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus.
cul-de-sac
78
abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin, owing to deficient oxygen in the blood. An infant with this is known as "blue baby"
cyanosis
79
Proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction. Examples are interferons and interleukins.
cytokines
80
Study of cells.
cytology
81
Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8+ T cell.
cytotoxic T cell
82
Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack.
dendritic cell
83
Blood that is oxygen-poor.
deoxygenated blood
84
Relaxation phase of the heartbeat. (From Greek diastole, dilation.)
diastole
85
Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization.
differentiation
86
Finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum to examine the prostate gland.
digital rectal examination (DRE)
87
Painful, difficult menses (menstruation).
dysmenorrhea
88
Painful sexual intercourse. Pareunia means sexual intercourse.
dyspareunia
89
difficult, obstructed labor, or abnormal birth
dystocia
90
Ejection of sperm and fluid from the male urethra.
ejaculation
91
Tube through which semen enters the male urethra.
ejaculatory duct
92
Record of the electrical activity of the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T.
electrocardiogram
93
Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge and size.
electrophoresis
94
Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks.
embryo
95
Type of testicular cancer.
embryonal carcinoma
96
Inner lining of the heart.
endocardium
97
Inflammation of the inner lining of the cervix (lower, neck-like portion of the uterus).
endocervicitis
98
Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus. Usually caused by a bacterial infection.
endometritis
99
Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus.
endometrium
100
Innermost lining of blood vessels.
endothelium
101
White blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions.
eosinophil
102
is an increase in eosinophilic granulocytes, seen in certain allergic conditions, such as asthma, or in parasitic infections (tapeworm, pinworm).
Eosinophilia
103
One of a pair of long, tightly coiled tubes above each testis. It stores and carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens.
epididymis (plural: epididymides)
104
Inflammation of an epididymis.
epididymitis
105
An incision through the skin of the perineum enlarges the vaginal orifice for delivery.
episiotomy
106
Inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; impotence.
erectile dysfunction
107
Immature red blood cell.
erythroblast
108
Red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter (μL) or cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood.
erythrocyte
109
Formation of red blood cells. Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to stimulate erythrocyte formation.
erythropoiesis
110
Hormone secreted by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell formation.
erythropoietin (EPO)
111
Hormone produced by the ovaries and by the placenta during pregnancy; promotes female secondary sex characteristics.
estrogen
112
One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus; also called an oviduct. The tubes were named for Gabriello Fallopia, an Italian anatomist.
fallopian tube
113
Union of the sperm and ovum from which the embryo develops.
fertilization
114
Manner in which the fetus enters the birth canal.
fetal presentation
115
Stage in prenatal development from 8 weeks to birth.
fetus
116
Protein that forms the basis of a blood clot.
fibrin
117
Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.
fibrinogen
118
Finger- or fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes.
fimbriae (singular: fimbria)
119
Hair-like projection on a sperm cell that makes it motile (able to move).
flagellum
120
Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum).
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
121
Two infants resulting from fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm cells (Figure 9-5).
fraternal twins
122
Abnormal, persistent discharge of milk, commonly seen with pituitary gland tumors.
galactorrhea
123
Male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum.
gamete
124
Reproductive organs; also called genitals.
genitalia
125
Time period from fertilization of the ovum to birth; pregnancy.
gestation
126
Sensitive tip of the penis; comparable to the clitoris in the female.
glans penis
127
Plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples.
globulin
128
Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis.
gonad
129
Inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci (berry-shaped bacteria).
gonorrhea
130
White blood cell with cytoplasmic granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil.
granulocyte
131
Deficiency of granulocytes.
granulocytopenia
132
Study of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts.
gynecology
133
Enlargement of breasts in a male. It often occurs with puberty or aging, or the condition can be drug-related.
gynecomastia
134
Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells; CD4+ T cell.
helper T cell
135
Formation of blood cells in bone marrow.
hematopoiesis
136
Cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells.
hematopoietic stem cell
137
Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
hemoglobin
138
Disease or defect of hemoglobin production. Sickle cell anemia is an example.
hemoglobinopathy
139
Destruction or breakdown of red blood cells. See hemolytic anemia, page 488.
hemolysis
140
Stoppage of bleeding or the flow of blood.
hemostasis
141
Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells.
heparin
142
Sexually transmitted infection of the skin and genital mucosa, caused by herpes simplex virus; marked by fluid filled blisters.
herpes genitalis
143
Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone.
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
144
Infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the anogenital region by the human papillomavirus. Some types of ____ cause genital warts and lead to cancer of the cervix as well as cancer in men.
human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
145
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity.
humoral immunity
146
Hernia (sac of clear, watery fluid) within the scrotum.
hydrocele
147
Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina.
hymen
148
high levels of cholesterol in the blood:
hypercholesterolemia
149
Syndrome marked by splenomegaly and often associated with blood cell destruction (hemolysis), anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
hypersplenism
150
Pertaining to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hypochromic anemia is marked by a decreased concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
hypochromic
151
Congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip.
hypospadias
152
condition deficiency of oxygen in tissues.
hypoxia
153
Removal of the uterus.
hysterectomy
154
A gynecologist uses an endoscope (passed through the vagina and cervix) to view the uterine cavity.
hysteroscopy
155
Two infants resulting from division of one fertilized egg. Conjoined (“Siamese”) twins are incompletely separated identical twins.
identical twins
156
Response of the immune system to foreign invasion.
immune reaction
157
Body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs. This includes natural immunity and adaptive immunity. The word immunity comes from Latin immunis, meaning exempt or protected from.
immunity
158
protein antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD; secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen.
immunoglobulins
159
Blocking or turning off the normal immune response. This may occur because of exposure to drugs (corticosteroids) or as the result of disease (AIDS and cancer). Immunosuppressed patients are susceptible to infection with fungi, Pneumocystis bacteria, and other pathogens.
immunosuppression
160
Use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease.
immunotherapy
161
is the inability of a male to sustain an erection or achieve ejaculation.
impotence
162
In a male, any problem that lowers the chances of his female partner getting pregnant.
infertility
163
Pertaining to below the breast. Infra- means below.
inframammary
164
Lymph nodes in the groin region.
inguinal nodes
165
Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response.
interferons
166
Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes.
interleukins
167
Specialized cells that lie adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes. These cells produce testosterone and are also called Leydig cells.
interstitial cells of the testes
168
Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries.
interstitial fluid
169
Wall between the ventricles of the heart.
interventricular septum
170
IUD
intrauterine device
171
Shrinking of the uterus (womb) to its normal size after childbirth.
involution
172
Lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips.
labia
173
The normal secretion of milk.
lactation
174
Tubes that carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple.
lactiferous ducts
175
Mechanical separation of white blood cells from the rest of the blood. Uses a machine that is an aut omated blood cell separator that removes large numbers of white blood cells and returns red cells, platelets, and plasma to the patient.
Leukapheresis
176
White blood cell.
leukocyte
177
Deficiency of white blood cells.
leukopenia
178
This vaginal discharge is normal or becomes more yellow (purulent or pus-containing) as a sign of infection.
leukorrhea
179
tying and binding off the vas deferens
ligation
180
Secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation.
luteinizing hormone (LH)
181
Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body. Latin lympha means clear spring water.
lymph
182
Tiniest lymphatic vessels.
lymph capillaries
183
Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection.
lymph node
184
Carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest.
lymph vessel
185
Inflammation of lymph nodes.
lymphadenitis
186
Disease of lymph nodes. (lymph nodes enlarge), splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite. The diagnosis often is made by identifying a type of malignant cell (Reed-Sternberg cell) in the lymph nodes.
lymphadenopathy
187
Abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels and backflow of lymph. Interstitial fluid collects within the spaces between cells as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels and nodes. Radiation therapy may destroy lymphatics and produce lymphedema, as in breast cancer treatment (Figure 14-11).
lymphedema
188
Mononuclear leukocyte found in lymph nodes and blood that produces antibodies to fight disease.
lymphocyte
189
Deficiency of lymphocytes.
lymphocytopenia
190
Increase in numbers of lymphocytes in the blood.
lymphocytosis
191
Gives rise to lymphocytes or to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. Lymphoid progenitor cells in bone marrow give rise to developing lymphocytes.
lymphoid
192
Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland. Tonsils and adenoids are other examples of lymphoid organs.
lymphoid organs
193
Formation of lymphocytes.
lymphopoiesis
194
Cells are large; Macrocytes are erythrocytes that are larger (macro-) than normal.
Macrocytosis
195
Large phagocyte (monocyte) found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. Phag/o means to eat or swallow.
macrophage
196
Nipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection.
mammary papilla
197
Includes reduction and augmentation (enlargement) operations.
mammoplasty
198
removal of the entire breast
mastectomy
199
Usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal infection.
mastitis
200
Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity.
mediastinal nodes
201
Large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow.
megakaryocyte
202
Beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce.
menarche
203
Excessive uterine bleeding during and between menstrual periods.
menometrorrhagia
204
Gradual ending of menstruation.
menopause
205
Abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods. Fibroids are a leading cause of menorrhagia.
menorrhagia
206
Menstruation; monthly discharge of blood from the lining of the uterus
menorrhea
207
Monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (Latin mensis means month).
menstruation
208
Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region).
mesenteric nodes
209
Bleeding between menses. Possible causes of metrorrhagia include ectopic pregnancy, cervical polyps, and ovarian and uterine tumors.
metrorrhagia
210
Cells are small; Erythrocytes are smaller (micro-) than normal.
Microcytosis
211
Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve.
mitral valve
212
- inflammation of the mitral valve
mitral valvulitis
213
Immature monocyte.
monoblast
214
Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy.
monoclonal antibody
215
Leukocyte with one large nucleus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues.
monocyte
216
Pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes.
mononuclear
217
Study of the shape or form of cells.
morphology
218
A woman who has been pregnant more than once.
multigravida
219
Woman who has delivered more than one viable infant.
multipara
220
Immature bone marrow cell that gives rise to granulocytes.
myeloblast
221
Group of disorders related to the inability of the bone marrow to produce normal blood cells. This is a preleukemic condition.
myelodysplasia
222
Relating to bone marrow and growth of cells originating in the bone marrow. Myeloid progenitor cells give rise to developing erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and monocytes. See Figure 13-1.
myeloid
223
Formation of bone marrow.
myelopoiesis
224
Muscular middle layer of the heart.
myocardium
225
Removal of fibroids (myomas) from the uterus.
myomectomy
226
Muscle layer of the uterus.
myometrium
227
Benign tumor of connective tissue in the heart muscle.
myxoma
228
Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. It is not antigen specific and does not elicit memory.
natural immunity
229
Pertaining to a new birth.
neonatal
230
Study of the medical care of the newborn (neonate).
neonatology
231
Deficiency of neutrophils.
neutropenia
232
Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
neutrophil
233
Increased numbers of neutrophils.
neutrophilia
234
Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute.
normal sinus rhythm
235
Woman who has never been pregnant.
nulligravida
236
Woman who has never given birth to an infant.
nullipara
237
Branch of medicine and surgery concerned with pregnancy and childbirth.
obstetrics
238
Infrequent menstrual periods or scanty menses.
oligomenorrhea
239
Scanty sperm count.
oligospermia
240
Immature ovum.
oocyte
241
Formation of ova (egg cells).
oogenesis
242
Oophor/o means to bear (phor/o) eggs (o/o). In a bilateral oophorectomy, both ovaries are removed.
oophorectomy
243
Inflammation of an ovary.
oophoritis
244
Castration in males. Removal (excision) of a testis. (Also called orchidectomy.)
orchiectomy
245
Surgical fixation of an undescended testis into the scrotum. (corrects cryptorchidism).
orchiopexy
246
Inflammation of a testis. Caused by injury or by the mumps virus, which also infects the salivary glands.
orchitis
247
An opening.
orifice
248
Pertaining to an ovary.
ovarian
249
Developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. Only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman’s lifetime.
ovarian follicle
250
One of a pair of female organs (gonads) on each side of the pelvis. Ovaries are almond-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells (ova) and hormones.
ovary
251
Release of the ovum from the ovary.
ovulation
252
Mature egg cell (female gamete). Ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes.
ovum (plural: ova)
253
Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells.
oxygen
254
a rapid or unusually fast childbirth. Oxy- means sharp or quick.
oxytocia
255
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
oxytocin
256
Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. An artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.
pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
257
Deficiency of all (blood) cells. Occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes. Blood transfusions prolong life, allowing the marrow time to resume its normal functioning, and antibiotics control infections. Bone marrow transplantation and regimens of drugs that inhibit the immune system are successful treatments in cases in which spontaneous recovery is unlikely.
Pancytopenia
258
Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body.
paraaortic nodes
259
Essential distinctive cells of an organ. In the testis, the seminiferous tubules that produce sperm are parenchymal.
parenchymal tissue
260
Childbirth, the process of delivering the baby and placenta f
parturition
261
Pertaining to the penis.-ile means pertaining to.
penile
262
Male external organ of reproduction.
penis
263
Pertaining to the penis and scrotum.
penoscrotal
264
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pericardial space
pericardiocentesis
265
Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
pericardium
266
Outermost layer of the uterus; uterine serosa.
perimetrium
267
Suture of the perineum (following an episiotomy).
perineorrhaphy
268
In females, the area between the anus and the vagina and in males the anus and the scrotum.
perineum
269
Abnormal curvature of the penis
Peyronie disease
270
Cell that engulfs another cell or foreign organism and destroys it.
phagocyte
271
Narrowing (stricture) of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis. This abnormal condition (phim/o = muzzle) in adolescent and adult males can interfere with urination and cause secretions to accumulate under the prepuce, leading to infection. Circumcision is used to correct the condition
phimosis
272
- incision of a vein
phlebotomy
273
Removal of tissue to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using a green light laser (“laser TURP”).
photoselective vaporization of the prostate (GreenLight PVP)
274
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain. It produces hormones that stimulate the ovaries. The pituitary gland also regulates other endocrine organs.
pituitary gland
275
Vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy. It permits the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and fetus.
placenta
276
Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, wastes, lipids, hormones, and vitamins.
plasma
277
Lymphocyte that secretes antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes.
plasma cell
278
Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma.
plasmapheresis
279
Small blood cell fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process.
platelet
280
Separation of platelets from the rest of the blood. Note that the a of apheresis is dropped in this term. Platelets are removed from the donor’s blood (and used in a patient), and the remainder of the blood is reinfused into the donor.
plateletpheresis
281
red blood cells are irregularly shaped
poikilocytosis
282
Pertaining to a white blood cell with a multilobed nucleus; neutrophil.
polymorphonuclear
283
Gestation.
pregnancy
284
ertaining to before birth. Prenatal screening tests include fetal ultrasound and maternal blood testing to assess the risk of birth defects in the fetus.
prenatal
285
Foreskin; fold of skin covering the tip of the penis.
prepuce
286
A woman during her first pregnancy (primi- means first). Gravida also is used to designate a pregnant woman, often followed by a number to indicate the number of pregnancies (gravida 1, 2, 3).
primigravida
287
Woman who has given birth to her first child.
primipara
288
Pertaining to a woman who has given birth to her first child. An adjective describing a woman who has given birth to at least one child. Para also is used as a noun, often followed by a number to indicate the number of deliveries after the 20th week of gestation (para 1, para 2, para 3). When a woman arrives in the birthing facility, her gravidity and parity are important facts to include in the medical and surgical history. For example, G2P2 is medical shorthand for a woman who has had 2 pregnancies and 2 deliveries.
primiparous
289
Hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women.
progesterone
290
Malignant tumor (adenocarcinoma) of the prostate gland.
prostate cancer (carcinoma of the prostate)
291
Exocrine gland at the base of the male urinary bladder. The prostate secretes fluid that contributes to semen during ejaculation. HINT: Don’t confuse prostate with prostrate, which means lying down.
prostate gland
292
Removal (excision) of the prostate gland.
prostatectomy
293
Inflammation of the prostate gland. Bacterial (E. coli) prostatitis often is associated with urethritis and infection of the lower urinary tract.
prostatitis
294
Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process.
prothrombin
295
Pseudo- means false. No pregnancy exists, but physical changes such as weight gain and amenorrhea occur.
pseudocyesis
296
Period of adolescent development at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced.
puberty
297
Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.
pulmonary artery
298
Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
pulmonary circulation
299
Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
pulmonary valve
300
One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
pulmonary vein
301
Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.
pulse
302
pus-filled
purulent
303
Pus in a fallopian tube.
pyosalpinx
304
Immature erythrocyte. A network (reticulum) of strands is seen after staining the cell with special dyes.
reticulocyte
305
The uterus is abnormally tilted backward. This occurs in 30% of women.
retroversion
306
Antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive (Rh+) individuals. The factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey.
Rh factor
307
Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck.
right lymphatic duct
308
Removal of a fallopian tube.
salpingectomy
309
Inflammation of a fallopian tube.
salpingitis
310
External sac that contains the testes.
scrotum
311
Fluid discharged at ejaculation; consisting of sperm cells and secretions from the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands.Spermatozoa (sperm cells) and seminal fluid (prostatic and seminal vesicle secretions), Is the thick, whitish secretion discharged from the urethra during ejaculation. Semen contians sperm.
Semen
312
Microscopic examination of ejaculated fluid. Sperm cells are counted and examined for motility and shape.
semen analysis
313
Paired sac-like exocrine glands that secrete fluid (a major component of semen) into the vas deferens.
seminal vesicles
314
Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes. The suffix -ferous means pertaining to bearing, or bearing or carrying.
seminiferous tubules
315
Malignant tumor of a testis.
seminoma
316
Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum).
septum (plural: septa)
317
Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors.
serum
318
Deficiency of iron in the blood.
sideropenia
319
Pacemaker of the heart.
sinoatrial node (SA node)
320
Formation of sperm cells.
spermatogenesis
321
Sperm cell. (zoon is single cell and zoa is plural)
spermatozoon (plural: spermatozoa)
322
Pertaining to destruction of sperm.Noun suffixes ending in -sis, such as -lysis, form adjectives by dropping the -sis and adding -tic.
spermolytic
323
Cells are spherical (loss of normal concave shape). Increase in numbers of sphere-shaped red blood cells, as in a type of anemia (hemolytic anemia). In this condition, the erythrocyte has a round shape, making the cell fragile and able to be easily destroyed.
spherocytosis
324
Instrument to measure blood pressure.
sphygmomanometer
325
Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood.
spleen
326
Removal of the spleen.
splenectomy
327
Enlargement of the spleen. Note that the combining form for spleen contains only one e.
splenomegaly
328
Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells.
stem cell
329
Procedure that removes a person’s ability to produce or release reproductive cells; removal of testicles, vasectomy, and oophorectomy are sterilization procedures.
sterilization
330
Instrument for listening to sounds in the chest.
stethoscope
331
Supportive, connective tissue of an organ, as distinguished from its parenchyma. Also called stroma.
stromal tissue
332
Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell).
suppressor T cell
333
Chronic STI caused by a spirochete (spiral-shaped bacterium).Primary syphilis causes chancre on penis
syphilis
334
Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues.
systemic circulation
335
Contraction phase of the heartbeat. (From Greek systole, contraction.)
systole
336
Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens.
T cell (T lymphocyte)
337
condition of rapid heartbeat; Faster than 100 beats per minute.
tachycardia
338
This tumor occurs in the testes or ovaries and is composed of different types of tissue, such as bone, hair, cartilage, and skin cells. Teratomas in the testes are malignant.
teratoma
339
Pertaining to a testis or testicle.The term testis originates from a Latin term meaning witness. In ancient times men would take an oath with one hand on their testes, swearing by their manhood to tell the truth.
testicular
340
Malignant tumor of the testicles. Embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumor
testicular cancer (carcinoma of the testes)
341
Twisting of the spermatic cord. The rotation of the spermatic cord cuts off blood supply to the testis. Torsion occurs most frequently in childhood.
testicular torsion
342
Male gonad (testicle) that produces spermatozoa and testosterone. Remember: Testis means one testicle, and testes are two testicles.
testis (plural: testes)
343
Male hormone secreted by the interstitial tissue of the testes; responsible for male sex characteristics. Ster/o indicates that this is a type of steroid compound.
testosterone
344
Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm, and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck.
thoracic duct
345
Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.
thrombin
346
Platelet
thrombocyte
347
Deficiency of clotting cells.
thrombocytopenia
348
breakdown of a clot
thrombolysis
349
Treatment with drugs to break down clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels.
thrombolytic therapy
350
inflammation of a vein, often in connection with a blood clot (thrombus)
thrombophlebitis
351
Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response.
thymus gland
352
Ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly. Once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body’s own cells.
tolerance
353
Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx.
tonsils
354
Pertaining to a toxin (a poisonous or harmful substance).
toxic
355
Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants.
toxin
356
Removal of portions of prostate gland through the urethra. This procedure treats benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
357
Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three (tri-) leaflets, or cusps.
tricuspid valve
358
Sagging or drooping of the uterus.
uterine prolapse
359
Hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix (see Figure 8-3, page 244).
uterus; pl. uteri
360
Exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection. The term comes from the Latin vacca, cow—the first inoculations were given with organisms that caused the disease cowpox to produce immunity to smallpox.
vaccination
361
Weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies. This results in adaptive immunity.
vaccine
362
Muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body.
vagina
363
An orifice is an opening.
vaginal orifice
364
Bacteria and yeasts (usually Candida) commonly cause this infection. Use of antibiotic therapy may cause loss of normal vaginal bacteria, resulting in an environment allowing yeast to grow.
vaginitis
365
Structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction.
valve
366
incision of a heart valve
valvotomy
367
surgical repair of a valve; A balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve.
valvuloplasty
368
Enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle. Varicocele may be associated with oligospermia and azoospermia. Collection of varicose (swollen, twisted) veins above the testis. See page 300.
varicocele
369
Narrow tube (one on each side) carrying sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra. Also called ductus deferens.
vas deferens
370
anything related to blood vessels.
vascular
371
Bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens. vas/o refers to the vas deferens, and not to any other vessel or duct.
vasectomy
372
- narrowing of a vessel
vasoconstriction
373
- widening of a vessel
vasodilation
374
Reversal of vasectomy; a urologist rejoins the cut ends of the vas deferens.
vasovasostomy
375
Thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. Veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
vein
376
Largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart.
vena cava (plural: venae cavae)
377
Also known as phlebotomy; or to start an intravenous infusion or take a blood sample from a vein
venipuncture
378
Pertaining to a vein.
venous
379
One of two lower chambers of the heart.
ventricle
380
Small vein.
venule
381
External female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal orifice.
vulva
382
Chronic pain (with no identifiable cause) that affects the vulvar area (labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening).
vulvodynia
383
Inflammation of the vulva and vagina.
vulvovaginitis
384
Stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation up to 2 weeks.
zygote
