Body Systems Final C (pathology, labs, test etc) Flashcards
Pathology + vocabulary Ch 8, 9, 11, 13, 14 (192 cards)
1
Q
Termination of pregnancy. Abortions are spontaneous or induced. Spontaneous abortion, commonly called pregnancy loss or miscarriage, occurs without apparent cause. Induced abortions can be therapeutic or elective. A therapeutic abortion is performed when the health of the pregnant woman is endangered. An elective abortion is performed at the request of the woman. Major methods for abortion include medical abortion using drugs and surgical abortions by D&C and aspiration.
A
abortion (AB)
2
Q
Premature separation of the normally implanted placenta.
A
abruptio placentae
3
Q
Drug that lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels (antihypertensive). angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
A
ACE inhibitor
4
Q
Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems.
A
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
5
Q
conditions caused by myocardial inchemia. Theses conditons ar unstable angina and myocardial infarction.
A
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS’s)
6
Q
Malignant, Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate, multiply in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. This form is seen most often in children and adolescents; onset is sudden.
A
Acute lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia (ALL)
7
Q
Malignant, Myeloblasts (immature granulocytes) predominate, multiply in the bone marrow and bloodstream. There are large cells with small granules in their cytoplasm. AML affects primarily adults. Platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of the bone marrow by large numbers of myeloblasts. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be a curative therapy.
A
Acute myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia (AML).
8
Q
Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction; a type of antigen.
A
allergen
9
Q
Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen.
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allergy
10
Q
Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin.
A
anemia
11
Q
local widening of an artery; Weakening of an arterial wall, which may lead to hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
A
aneurysm
12
Q
Chest pain; resulting from myocardial ischemia. Chest pain caused by reduced or poor blood supply to the heart
A
angina (pectoris)
13
Q
X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material.
A
angiography
14
Q
Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes. This test determines the presence of antibodies in infants of Rh-negative women or in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. It is also a screening test for blood transfusion compatibility.
A
antiglobulin (Coombs) test
15
Q
is a system of scoring an infant’s physical condition at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth. Heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and response to stimuli each are rated 0, 1, or 2. The maximum total score is 10. Infants with Apgar scores below 7 require immediate medical attention such as suctioning of the airways or oxygen to help breathing.
A
Apgar score
16
Q
Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood. This procedure can remove toxic substances or autoantibodies from the blood and can collect blood cells.
A
apheresis
17
Q
Failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow.
A
aplastic anemia
18
Q
Hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition. From the Greek atopia, meaning strangeness.
A
atopy
19
Q
Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm. It is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia.
A
Atrial fibrillation (AF)
20
Q
Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).
A
atrioventricular block
21
Q
Listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope.
A
auscultation
22
Q
the collection and later reinfusion of a patient’s own blood or blood components.
A
Autologous transfusion
23
Q
drug used to reduce the force and speed of the heartbeat and to lower blood pressure; Treats angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias.
A
beta blocker
24
Q
Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart.
A
biventricular pacemaker
25
Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient.
blood transfusion
26
measures BNP in blood a peptide elevated in patients with heart failure
BNP test
27
Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle.
bone marrow biopsy
28
Malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts).
breast cancer
29
Abnormal blowing or swishing sound (murmur) heard during auscultation of an artery or organ. It is the turbulent flow of blood through a vessel. A thrill, which is a vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur.
bruit (BRU-e)
30
Cardiovascular drug used to treat chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure (hypertension). It dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels.
calcium channel blocker
31
an early, localized, precancerous neoplastic lesions
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
32
Sudden unexpected stoppage of heart; sudden cardiac death
cardiac arrest
33
Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack; measurement of troponin-T and troponin-I after myocardial infarction
cardiac biomarkers
34
- A catheter (tube) is inserted into an artery or vein and threaded into the heart chambers. Contrast can be injected to take x-ray pictures, patterns of blood flow can be detected, and blood pressures can be measured.
cardiac catheterization
35
Images of the heart are produced with magnetic waves.
cardiac MRI
36
Treatment for serious arrhythmias using brief discharges of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defibrillation.
Cardioversion
37
brief delivery of radiofrequency energy or extreme cold (cryoablation) to destroy (ablate) areas of heart tissue for treating arrhythmias. It is a Minimally invasive treatment
catheter ablation
38
Destruction of tissue by burning. Destruction of abnormal tissue with chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument. Cauterization is used to treat cervical dysplasia or cervical erosion. The loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP) (see Figure 8-27A) is used to further assess and often treat abnormal cervical tissue.
cauterization
39
Helper T cells - that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells.
CD4+ cells
40
Malignant cells within the cervix.
cervical cancer (carcinoma of the cervix)
41
Abnormal cell growth within the cervix.
cervical dysplasia
42
Inflammation of the cervix. Bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae commonly cause cervicitis.
cervicitis
43
Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus.
cesarean section
44
Malignant tumor of the placenta.
choriocarcinoma
45
Sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis.
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
46
Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.
Chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia (CLL)
47
Both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood.
Chronic myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia (CML)
48
Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.
claudication
49
congenital narrowing (coarctation) of the large artery (aorta) leading from the heart; reduces the supply of blood to the lower part of the body. Surgical treatment consists of removal of the constricted region and end-to-end anastomosis of the aortic segments.
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
50
Microscopic visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope.
colposcopy
51
Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values—MCH, MCV, MCHC (see Abbreviations).
complete blood count (CBC)
52
Computed tomography technique to visualize arterial and venous vessels throughout the body. Three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (64-slice CT scanner).
computed tomography angiography (CTA)
53
Structural heart defects (abnormalities) in the heart at birth.
congenital heart disease
54
Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood. Two types HFrEF and HFpEF
congestive heart failure (CHF)
55
Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix. The physician resects the tissue using a LEEP (loop electrocautery excision procedure), or with a carbon dioxide laser or surgical knife (scalpel).
conization
56
Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages and bring blood supply to the myocardium
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
57
Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque). Leading to ischemia. Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart.
coronary artery disease (CAD)
58
Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue. A liquid nitrogen probe produces the freezing (cry/o means cold) temperature. Also called cryocauterization.
cryosurgery
59
Blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb (leg). This condition may result in a pulmonary embolism (clot travels to the lung) if not treated effectively.
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
60
Brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation). A application of an elecrical shock. Defibrillation stops electrical activity in the heart for a brief moment so that normal rhythm takes over.
defibrillation
61
type of cyst that can grow in the overy with hair, skin, and teeth.
Dermoid cyst
62
- Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray pictures of blood vessels by taking two pictures (without and with contrast) and subtracting the first image (without contrast) from the second.
digital subtraction angiography
63
A drug that treats arrhythmias and increases the strength and regularity of the heartbeat
digoxin
64
Widening of a vessel or an opening.
dilatation
65
widening the cervical canal &scraping the inner lining of the uterus for diagnosis.
dilation and curettage
66
- An instrument that focuses sound waves on a blood vessel to measure blood flow.
Doppler ultrasound
67
Genetic chromosome abnormality (trisomy 21), which can cause distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, and developmental delays.
Down syndrome
68
(disease)Any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood generally is referred to as a blood
dyscrasia
69
Abnormal heart beat
dysrhythmia
70
larger, blue or purplish bruises. More extensive than petechiae.
ecchymoses
71
cardiac imaging using sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart.
echocardiography (ECHO)
72
Implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterus.
ectopic pregnancy
73
Recording of electricity flowing through the heart.
electrocardiography (ECG)
74
Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease (CAD).
electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
75
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay—test to detect anti-HIV antibodies. A screening test.
ELISA
76
clots that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly block a blood vessel
embolus; pl. emboli
77
surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery
endarterectomy
78
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
endocarditis
79
Malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma).
endometrial cancer (carcinoma of the endometrium)
80
Abnormal condition of endometrial tissue located outside the uterus.
endometriosis
81
Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma.
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
82
Removal of internal organs within a cavity. Pelvic exenteration is an extensive surgery with removal of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis.
exenteration
83
- A heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart and lungs during surgery. The machine oxygenates the blood and sends it back into the bloodstream.
extracorporeal circulation
84
Recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor.
fetal monitoring
85
rapid, random, ineffectual, and irregular contractions of the heart
fibrillation
86
Numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast.
fibrocystic breast disease
87
Benign tumors in the uterus. Also called eiomyomas
fibroids
88
Procedure to biopsy breast tissue. Withdrawal of fluid or tissue from a cyst or solid mass by suction with a needle.
fine needle aspiration
89
Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.
flutter
90
Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood.
granulocytosis
91
Failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle. Abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly (bradycardia) because of interruption of electrical signals.
heart block
92
Donor heart is transferred to a recipient.
heart transplantation
93
Percentage of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in a volume of blood. The suffix -crit means to separate.
hematocrit (Hct)
94
Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient.
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
95
Excess iron deposits throughout the body.Common signs and symptoms may include skin pigmentation, joint pain, and fatigue. Without timely treatment, serious problems such as cirrhosis, diabetes, and cardiac failure may occur. This condition can be hereditary or caused by frequent blood transfusions for a chronic blood condition.
hemochromatosis
96
Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood.
hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HGB)
97
Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.
hemolytic anemia
98
Destruction of red blood cells in the newborn caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus.
Hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN)
99
Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII or IX necessary for blood clotting. Although the platelet count of a patient with hemophilia is normal, deficiency in clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) results in a prolonged coagulation time.
hemophilia
100
Swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region are called -
hemorrhoids
101
Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. This disease is characterized by lymphadenopathy.
Hodgkin lymphoma
102
- A compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.
Holter monitoring
103
Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS. Retroviruses are a class of viruses that have RNA, instead of DNA, as their genetic material.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
104
Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain.
hydrocephalus
105
High blood pressure. Most high blood pressure is essential hypertension, with no identifiable cause.
hypertension (HTN)
106
high blood pressure affecting the heart
hypertensive heart disease
107
X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material.
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
108
Test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD). This procedure detects the presence of abnormal levels of antibodies in patients with conditions such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
immunoelectrophoresis
109
small electric device implanted in the chest that senses and corrects arrhythmias by shocking the heart
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
110
Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization. After an incubation period of 3 to 5 days, the fertilized ova are injected into the uterus through the cervix. (Latin in vitro means in glass, as used for laboratory containers.)
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
111
Acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn.This condition is caused by deficiency of surfactant, a protein necessary for proper lung function.
infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
112
Area of dead tissue.
infarction
113
Substance normally found in gastric (stomach) juice that helps absorption of vitamin B12 into the bloodstream.
intrinsic factor
114
Condition of holding back blood from an organ or tissue.
ischemia
115
Malignant lesion associated with AIDS; arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules. Kaposi sarcoma is caused by a herpesvirus called human herpesvirus 8.
Kaposi sarcoma
116
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope). In this procedure, a form of minimally invasive surgery (MIS), small incisions (5 to 10 mm long) are made near the woman’s navel for introduction of the laparoscope and other instruments. Uses of laparoscopy include inspection and removal of ovaries (Figure 8-30) and fallopian tubes, diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis, and removal of fibroids. Laparoscopy also is used to perform subtotal (cervix is left in place) and total hysterectomies.
laparoscopy
117
Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle. An LVAD is a “bridge to transplant” or destination therapy when heart transplantation is impossible.
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
118
Benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle; when in the uterus, called a fibroid.
leiomyomas
119
Increase in malignant white blood cells (leukocytes).
leukemia
120
Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.
lipid tests (lipid profile)
121
separation of HDL and LDL from a blood sample . Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample. Examples of lipoproteins are HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein).
lipoprotein electrophoresis
122
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue.
lymphoma
123
X-ray imaging of the breast.
mammography
124
Abnormal inhalation of meconium produced by a fetus or newborn. Meconium, a thick, sticky, greenish to black substance, is the first intestinal discharge (stools) from newborns
meconium aspiration syndrome
125
narrowing of the mitral valve:
mitral stenosis
126
improper closure of the mitral valve between the left atrium and ventricle. It enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium during systole
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
127
Infectious, viral disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Transmitted by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
mononucleosis
128
Presence of more than one embryo developing in the uterus during pregnancy.
multiple gestations
129
Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow. Malignant cells, lymphocytes called plasma cells, produce antibodies that destroy bone tissue and cause production of immunoglobulins
multiple myeloma
130
Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves. Extra heart sound, heard between normal beats.
murmur
131
Area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the heart muscle; heart attack.
myocardial infarction
132
Drugs used in the treatment of angina. They dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue.
nitrates
133
Nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina (chest pain).
nitroglycerin
134
Group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue. Examples are follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma.
non-Hodgkin lymphomas
135
Closure of a blood vessel due to blockage.
occlusion
136
Infectious diseases associated with AIDS are called ____ because HIV lowers resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that are easily otherwise contained by normal defenses.
opportunistic infections
137
Malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma).
ovarian cancer
138
Fluid-filled sacs within the ovary.
ovarian cysts
139
releiving but not curing
palliative
140
Examining by touch.
palpation
141
Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).
palpitations
142
Removal of cervical and vaginal cells for analysis. test for cervical or vaginal cancer
Pap test
143
open, unobstructed, or clear. It is used to describe a passage or vessel that is not blocked or narrowed.
patent
144
a duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remains open
patent ductus arteriosus
145
Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvis and abdomen; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis.PID is usually caused by sexually transmitted infections.
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
146
Images of the region of the hip are obtained using sound waves.
pelvic ultrasonography
147
- A balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place.
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
148
Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis.
pericardial friction rub
149
inflammation of the sac (membrane, pericardium) surrounding the heart
pericarditis
150
blockage of arteries in the lower extremities;legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs. A sign of PAD in the lower extremities is intermittent claudicationand the etiology is atherosclerosis
peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
151
Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream.
pernicious anemia
152
Small, pinpoint hemorrhages.
petechiae
153
Implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus. Previa means before or in the front of.
placenta previa
154
Number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (μL) of blood.
platelet count
155
General increase in red blood cells (erythremia). Blood consistency is viscous (thick) because of greatly increased numbers of erythrocytes.
polycythemia vera
156
Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose.
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
157
Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache.
preeclampsia
158
Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG.
pregnancy test
159
Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV. Other antiretroviral drugs are entry inhibitors and integrase inhibitors.
protease inhibitor
160
Test of the ability of blood to clot. Prothrombin is one of the clotting factors (factor II) made by the liver. This test is used to monitor (follow) patients taking certain anticoagulant drugs.
prothrombin time (PT)
161
Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.
purpura
162
Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.
pyloric stenosis
163
Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes. This is a rare disorder of unknown cause that affects blood flow in arteries. Caused by a temporary constriction of arterioles
Raynaud disease (Raynaud’s)
164
Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (μL) of blood.
red blood cell count (RBC)
165
Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells. Abnormal morphology includes anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, microcytosis, macrocytosis, and sickle cells.
red blood cell morphology
166
occurs when disease symptoms and signs reappear, necessitating further treatment.
Relapse
167
disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease
remission
168
Drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.
reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)
169
Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever.
rheumatic heart disease
170
Small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects). Although many septal defects close spontaneously, others require open heart surgery to close the hole between heart chambers, or they may be repaired through minimally invasive surgery, using a catheter inserted through a blood vessel leading to the heart.
septal defects
171
immunodeficiency disorder that is present at birth. Affected infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells, resulting in a lack of immunity. The thymus is small, and children have little or no protection against infection.
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID).
172
Hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis.
sickle cell anemia
173
Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream.They reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death
statins
174
Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress). Measurement of the heart ’ s response to physical exertion (patient monitored while jogging on a treadmill)
stress test
175
a nuclear medicine imaging technique used for various diagnostic purpouses, especially related to the heart.
technetium Tc99m sestamibi scan
176
electronic transmission of data—tele/o means distant
telemetry
177
congenital malformation involving four distinct separate heart defects. The four defects are: pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, shift of the aorta to the right, and hypertrophy of the right ventrical. These problems result in cyanotic, or blue, skin on babies because of a lack of oxygen
tetralogy of Fallot
178
Inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia. Widespread in Mediterranean, African, and Asian countries
thalassemia
179
intravenous injection of a radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle. Thallium studies show the viability of heart muscle. Infarcted or scarred myocardium shows up as “cold spots.”
thallium 201 scan
180
Vibration felt on physical examination of the chest; a palpable (murmur) vibration or sensation felt on the skin over an area of turbulent blood flow.
thrill
181
- Treatment with drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots after a heart attack.
thrombolytic therapy
182
Blockage of a vessel or coronary artery by a clot is a
thrombotic occulsion
183
Tumor of the thymus gland. Thymoma is associated with myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder.
thymoma
184
Placement of a balloon-expandable or self-expanding aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter.
transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
185
Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring. This sterilization procedure (making an individual incapable of reproduction) is performed using laparoscopy or through a hysteroscope inserted via the cervical os (opening).
tubal ligation
186
When damaged valves in veins fail to prevent the backflow of blood, a condition (swollen, twisted vein) that results is -
varicose veins
187
Collections of clotted material that accumulate on endocardium and valves of the heart in conditions such as endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease.
vegetations
188
Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream. Two viral load tests are a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay and an NASBA (nucleic acid sequence–based amplification) test.
viral load test
189
Weight loss and decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS.
wasting syndrome
190
Specific test to detect presence of anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream.
Western blot test
191
Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (μL) of blood.
white blood cell count (WBC)
192
Percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood.
white blood cell differential
