C -> 4.1 - 4.6

Question 1

Sea wall/ groynes/ recurved sea wall

Answer 1

Effective – land protected, land stable
Income will be possible , e.g. From tourism

Expensive, millions of pounds
Need maintenance continually
Visual impact is poor – can harm tourism
Interfere with natural processes, e.g. LSD can prevent beach formation downdrift

Question 2

Why hasn’t it worked:

what processes have been disrupted?

Answer 2

Leslie’s Pier – built in 1760, rebuilt 1895
by diffracting incoming waves, it’s created a low-energy zone in the shadow
Therefore, waves attack centre of the bay
Longshore drift from centre to East, removing sand
Rip current takes sediment out into deeper water
Beach is deprived of sandy sediment

Question 3

Lyme Regis Key Info: benefits

Answer 3

• 5000 residents + 15k tourists
• Cobb Hill - slipping down hill\
• Proposed cost 30 million
• Beach material from France, Norwegian rock armour + 1000 deep bored pins to prevent landslides
• 2000 more people visited, beach kept in place and improved ramp access

Question 4

Expansion of pier

Answer 4

led to it acting like a groyne, trapping sediment to the left, so the bay receives minimal sediment from LSD

Question 5

Beach nourishment can be

Answer 5

good for low energy coastlines as the beach would otherwise get eroded away.

• Artificial drainage above the impermeable layer, to get water out of the cliff - increasing its stability by reducing pore pressure and decreasing likelihood of mass movement
• sand dunes act as a natural barrier (buffer zone)

Question 6

Beach Nourishment:

Answer 6

artificially replenishing the sediment to replace that lost by erosion/LSD. Often used to enlarge beach (which attracts tourists and dissipates wave energy further from backshore). Typical cost of £2million per km2 and need to be replaced every few years. Issue if dredged from within sediment cell as removes material from system.

Question 7

Cliff Stabilisation & Drainage:

Answer 7

regrading the cliff to a lower angle of rest provides stability – which can be further supported by hard engineering at the base (e.g. Rip-Rap/Revetments etc.). Adding vegetation helps to trap and stabilises any unconsolidated sediment. In cliff-drainage reduces pore-water pressures and thus stress on cliff line much quicker.

Question 8

Dune Stabilisation:

Answer 8

combined low-impact, low-cost approach of stabilising bare sand with old trees and fencing, replanting marram grass (pioneer species), adding boardwalks to reduce trampling and educating tourists with info boards.

Question 9

Other Bioprotection Methods:

Answer 9

• Planting Mangrove forests to offer protection against storm surges
• Ecological enhancement of hard engineering by encouraging species to grow on them
• Adding grooves, holes and natural pools into Shaldon Seawall in Devon, to encourage barnacles and limpets to grow, thereby increasing biodiversity.

Question 10

Intertidal zone

Answer 10

Also known as foreshore or seashore, is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide

Question 11

What should we do instead of flood defences

Answer 11

Flood alleviation, as river, estuarine and coastal flooding can be reduced (alleviated) when catchments, rivers and coastal zones are managed to work with nature. Examples like restoring trees in river catchments, or conserving coral reefs

Question 12

How are salt marshes so good

Answer 12

Examples of bio geomorphologixal systems, exist during the interplay between sedimentation and plant growth, they buffer low lying coastal areas from waves and provide space for flood water

Question 13

Is there a place still for hard engineering

Answer 13

Yes - big cities such as London require hard engineering such as flood walls to stop strong tides

Question 14

How does ecological enhancement work

Answer 14

Altering designs of hard coastal structures to encourage more species to grow on them, like drilling holes for limpets, or making grooves in concrete to attract barnacles.

Question 15

How do bioprotective buffers work

Answer 15

Bio protection of the hard rock from weathering eg. For barnacles - act as thermal blankets and reduce temperature extremes, cutting down on mechanical weathering, a,so act as physical barrier to salts, reducing amount of salt for chemical and mechanics, weathering

Question 16

Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM):

Answer 16

• ICZM idea introduced at Rio Earth Summit in 1992
• Entire coastal zone is managed across multiple littoral (sediment) cells (Holistically), bringing together all kinds of decision makers at different levels of government (Local to International).
• Emphasises co-operation between ALL stakeholders so that everyone benefits over the long term (Sustainably).

Question 17

Issues with ICZM?

Part 2

Answer 17

• maybe too zoomed out - top down tool - what about individual voice
• varied geopolitical situation across meditteranean makes collab more complex - Israel recognition
• varying levels of economic development - NA vs SE
• lack of funding + commitment

Question 18

• Mediterranean ICZM Protocol was ratified by the European Commission (EC)

Answer 18

• came into force in 24th March 2011 – making joint commitment legally binding by EU law!
• 46,000km of coastline (19% already occupied by tourist complexes, road networks and related infrastructures)
• Growing development means profound transformations
• Regions varied geopolitics make situation more complex.

Question 19

What does ICZM involve

Answer 19

• improved sorting, treating and disposal of waste materials In Port Cavalaire, France
• conversion of sea walls into natural gravel beaches in back to the beach strategy at marina de pisa, Tuscany
• 4.1 million m3 of sand dredged to replenish 11km of ancient dune system in Venice littoral island of Cavallino
• Tuscany regional council approves 9 year £109 million soft management programme to reduce conflict caused by LSD

Question 20

Groynes

Answer 20

• wooden walls on a beach ar right angles to the coast to slow down LSD, look to make beach higher and wider so waves expend energy on it rather than back shore

Adv - maintain size of beach, enhance beach for recreational activity, less expensive than sea walls
Disadv - expensive, may be an obstacle to free movement on the beach, clearly not natural and can be viewed as unsightly, could cause narrowe beaches and increased erosion down drift

Question 21

Rip Rap

Answer 21

Massive boulders to resist erosion and break up waves
Adv - long lasting and flexible in use, can be placed to protect base of sea wall, as a groynes or even a breakwater
Disadv - costly, unsightly, access difficulties, sea water can move through the gaps = still erosion

Question 22

Revetments

Answer 22

Sloped wooden walls, parallel to back shore, take force of breaking waves
Adv - absorb wave energy, traps sediment behind them, LSD continues, cheaper alternative to sea walls
Disadv - very expensive, reduce access of the beach, unsightly, constant maintenance costs as wood hit by powerful waves

Question 23

Offshore breakwaters

Answer 23

Rock boulders that are parallel to shore and dissipate wave energy before they have chance to damage foreshore or back shore
Adv - create sheltered water areas behind them for water sports, used to protect the entrance to harbours, creating calmer waters
Disadv - extremely costly, unsightly, need other sheets so to complement them, could increase deposition on landward side, reducing LSD

Question 24

Male, Maldives

Answer 24

• flattest country on earth, 600k tourists each year.
• Storm surges, lack of freshwater, fish species migrate, coral bleaching
• If SLR of 3m then inundated completely by 2085
• Mangroves for the future projects helps community maintain swamps to act as defences
• Global environmental facility grants for islanders to develop organic farming = new food sources
• Japanese are planting mangrove nurseries
• May lead to there being environmental refugees.

Question 25

sustainable management

Answer 25

solving issues in the area using correct prioritisation and with a focus on long term sustainability (I.e. focus on agriculture and water supplies as these are essential)

Question 26

unsustainable management

Answer 26

not taking all stakeholders into account, meaning any management decisions made are not going to work in the long term.

Question 27

The issue:

Answer 27

- 97% of the country is threatened by SLR / floods - Money is spent protecting Male and Hulhumale (two main populated islands) - Fewer people on other islands and nothing on most-isolated islands

Question 28

How do people feel?

Answer 28

- Urban areas and tourism are given high priority (think how expensive the ‘Maldives paradise’ is to visit!) - Traditional income (fishing`) and mangroves are given low priority - Different trades will find it difficult if nothing is done!

Question 29

The natural culture:

Answer 29

Flyfishing – bonefish, in warm tropical saltwater. Fast swimming, big gain. Flyfishers come from all over the world, along with hotel developers

Question 30

physical context

Answer 30

Volcanic archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. Isolated islands, endemic species. Some invasive species CC: coral bleaching, and sea-level rise will inundate the island. Tropical cyclones are rare, but devastating.

Question 31

Maldives main management strategy - sustainable soft

Answer 31

- mangroves for future = commit to maintain swamps as defences in order to reduce erosion - wood mangrove = 40% less erosion - islands initiative

Question 32

strategy - Island Initiative (NGO)

Answer 32

- Developing sustainable economic activities to keep young people. - Funded by NZ businessmen (fly-fisherman), e.g. local school set up an Education Managed Marine Area and organising petitions to change flyfishing habits. - Food security is now better; children have different attitudes.

Question 33

strategy - environmental refugees

Answer 33

- Move to New Zealand, but will they be accepted? - Can you have Environmental refugees – does climate change (storms / sea level rise / land degradation) threaten the life of people on Pacific SIDS?

Question 34

Why not:

Answer 34

- Maldives removed itself from the Commonwealth, because of perceived interference, which led to a 20% cut in defences. - Some migrants have moved to Canada: a brain drain, which impacts R&D - There are question marks over the Maldives governments – why do they really want to leave? - There are question marks over Maldivian refugees joining Islamic State - Should be promoting resilience

Question 35

Slapton Sands, Devon:

Answer 35

- Major barrier beach (shingle ridge) - Protects Slapton Ley – a freshwater lagoon (SSSI) and - National Nature Reserve - Significant storms and damage in 2001 cut off - access to Torcross by the A379 - Followed by beach realignment - Reassessment in 2006 for 2008 SMP

Question 36

Shoreline Management Plans

Answer 36

- Divides the coastline into littoral cells and sub-cells | - Pulls together human and physical geography into integrated units, with devolved authority from DEFRA

Question 37

In slapton - sustainable hard

Answer 37

Shingle ridge natural migrates inland at 0.3m/yr - Need to sustain shingle ridge, freshwater lagoon – but a desire to let natural processes occurs - can’t lose the A379 - Important transport and emergency access route to Dartmouth - Road closure would affect businesses - It builds tourism and creates an accessible coastline - But cost = £300,000 to align and £50,000 to maintain, 

Question 38

Holistic

Answer 38

characterised by the belief that the parts of something are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole.

Question 39

in developing countries: | part 1

Answer 39

- Lack of compensation packages available for those who lose property or have to be relocated. - Increased pressure (stress) on coastlines as a result of rapid coastal development / urbanisation. - Fast tourist development means management can’t keep up – leads to haphazard construction of defences and less holistic consideration.

Question 40

in developing countries: | part 2

Answer 40

- Fewer resources mean less resistant structures in place. - Funding dependent on loans and grants. - Erosion rates tend to be faster owing to.. - Tropical cyclone frequency - Upstream Dam development on major rivers for energy (reduces sediment supply) - Removal of mangrove forests for firewood and shrimp practices (reduces stability)

Question 41

coastal climate resilient infrastructure project - chittagong - sustainable hard

Answer 41

2012 - supported by Asian development bank + $60billion from UN - improving road connections + raise embankments 60cm above SL - new market areas with sheds raised on platforms above 2050 projected SL - training in climate resilience and response procedures - making 25 tropical cyclone shelters - poverty fell 10%, road flooding fell from 20 to 5 days a year + more income opportunities - disturbance, 200 relocated + loan - so repayment?

Question 42

bangladesh coastal description

Answer 42

very low lying delta - below 3m, still subsiding 9-18mm/yr due to sediment compaction + Himalaya uplift`

Question 43

Dhaka and Chittagong

Answer 43

two largest cities both on the coast latter is main port + main gdp source

Question 44

Ganges and Brahmaputra

Answer 44

river system with third highest discharge + largest sediment load - 1.84 billion tons a year

Question 45

Bangla warning

Answer 45

early warning system - Bangladesh cyclone preparedness program utilises over 5k volunteers to make people aware

Question 46

Failed soft sustainable strategy - SMP - happisburgh, north Norfolk

Answer 46

- managed retreat = gradual loss of homes - by 2015, shoreline may be receded by 200m, so homes further lost = £6m loss - in 03, lifeboat + beach access ramp had been affected = severe drop in tourism - but - recently - £3 mil for reallocation + much more in protecting coastline.

Question 47

All management policies coasts:

Answer 47

Hard Unsustainable: - Portballintrae - Mappleton? Hard Sustainable: - Netherlands - Bangladesh - Lyme Regis - Slapton Soft Sustainable: - Maldives - French Polynesia Soft Unsustainable: - Happisburgh