T 1.15-1.21

Question 1

Loma Prieta 1989

Answer 1

• magnitude 6.7
• killed 60 people
• 20 billion property damage

Question 2

great quake 1906

Answer 2

• 3k dead

- levelled 80% of the city

Question 3

high tech monitoring in California

Answer 3

• NASA and JPL have upgraded GPS stations
• sensors collect GPS, pressure, temperature and seismic data in real time
• build computer models of data which work out the disaster potential
• sensors added to buildings

Question 4

prediction in california

Answer 4

• shakealert is an early tanning system app that sends a text message

Question 5

models forecasting disaster impacts

Answer 5

• California Utilities Emergency Association

- look for interdependence between energy and utility systems to bring them back on line as quick as possible

Question 6

community preparedness in California

Answer 6

• California state law: mayor no longer in control
• leads from all agencies work in the same room
• AlertSF and Twitter are used to send alerts about emergencies

Question 7

adaptations in California

Answer 7

• a seismically reinforced and modern emergency operations centre
• 180 seismic retrofits replacements

Question 8

education in california

Answer 8

• Bay Area Urban Areas Security Initiative
• spent 3.3m in 2012 on drills and training exercises
• annual golden guardian exercise to simulate a catastrophic EQ in bay area

Question 9

NGO’s in San Fransisco

Answer 9

• SF CARD - Community Agencies Responding to Disaster, connect non-profit, faith based and private organisations to provide after an EQ

Question 10

strategies used to modify vulnerability to volcanic hazards

Answer 10

high tech monitoring
land use zoning
public education programme
community preparedness

Question 11

Yellowstone national park

Answer 11

• Yellowstone caldera is a super volcano that was created 640k years ago
• reflects 17 million years of NA plate movement
• huge river valley features

Question 12

Hawaiian islands:

Answer 12

Archipelago(many islands)
8 major islands
Moving 32 miles/ million years
South east most active

Question 13

Canary Islands:

Answer 13

• archipelago, major islands
• very steep ocean cliffs (landslides)
• most active volcano is El Hierro
• fissure 1km south - possible new island?

Question 14

Thermal plumes?

Answer 14

• occur at areas of mantle where heat rises

- high heat/ lower pressure at base of lithosphere, melts the rock(pressure melting)

Question 15

How are active volcanoes caused by hotspots?

Answer 15

• volcanoes are formed and move away because tectonic played move over the hotspot, which remains stationary
• lithosphere melts because of heat rising as a hot thermal plume

Question 16

Where are the hotspots?

Answer 16

• 40/50 around the world
• oceanic - eg, hawaiia islands - 0.7 - 5 mil years old
• continental - eg, Yellowstone is 640k - 16.1 mil years old

Question 17

Spectacular landforms created by hotspots

Answer 17

• atolls/ volcanic islands/ seamounts are formed bec7successive oceanic volcanoes move away from hotspot

Question 18

How do hotspots work?

Answer 18

1. Isolated plumes of connected heat called mantle plumes, rise towards the surface and melt the lithosphere, this creates basaltic volcanoes that erupt frequently
2. Basaltic lava is low viscosity and spreads far to form a large shield volcano
3. Mantle plume stationary, so while plate moves over it, over long period it causes a chain of volcanic islands and atolls

Question 19

What does a hazard profile do?

Answer 19

Compares all the physical processes to help decision makers identify and rank hazards and decide how to allocate resources.

Question 20

World risk index

Answer 20

Based on exposure susceptibility, coping capacity, adaptive capacity
Japan 17th
Haiti 21st

Question 21

Define risk

Answer 21

• based on the overall disadvantage, ie a combination of political,social, cultural and physical factors

Question 22

What factors are vulnerability composed of

Answer 22

• physical - hazardous area settlements
• social/ demographic- DWAGERS
• education/ information - prediction/ warning systems
• economic - insurance, property loss
• environmental - deforestation, contamination

Question 23

Define speed of onset

Answer 23

How quickly the peak of the event occurs

Question 24

Disadvantages of using a hazard profile

Answer 24

• difficult to compare different events (need same processes, scale of measures)
• difficult to compare different spatial distributions
• difficult to compare different temporal distributions
• different tectonic and development contexts of different countries

Question 25

Natural hazard trends:

Answer 25

- no. ‘of disasters increased since ‘60, but deaths decreased - no of tectonic disasters steady - main changes in hydro-meteorological (climate change??)

Question 26

Considering population vulnerability

Answer 26

- global population in ‘60 was <3 billion, 2016 its 7.3 billion - increase in megacities (pop. density regions) - globalised world of communications means more are reported

Question 27

Data reliability

Answer 27

- no universally agreed definition or measure of disaster - ‘affected people’ is subjective - data collection not an immediate priority - political narratives to uphold

Question 28

What can we do with mathematical models

Answer 28

• Make statistical projections – how likely something is to happen at a particular location • Use LT evidence from monitoring networks • Long-term forecasts • Try and persuade government to have building regulation / evacuation plans • Build models of magma movement / measure EQ stress

Question 29

What can’t we do with math models

Answer 29

• Have an accurate location • Have an accurate timing • Find an reliable diagnostic pre-cursor of P-waves / seismic pattern / biological change

Question 30

Usefulness of Hazard Profiles

Answer 30

• High magnitude EQ are likely to overwhelm even the best management strategies, e.g. Tokyo • Large areal extent can overwhelm emerging services, so loss of life increases (vs. concentrated aid in smaller area, e.g. Christchurch) • High frequency means communities are prepared, BUT might be hazard fatigued • But, despite all of these, low levels of economic development can prevent any plan being implemented

Question 31

Tectonic events can be compared using

Answer 31

Hazard profiles, allow for better understanding of the nature of hazards, and thus, the risks associated with each.

Question 32

Hazards with following characteristics present highest risk:

Answer 32

- high magnitude, low frequency events - these are the least 'expected' as, by definition, they are unlikely to have occurred in living memory - rapid onset events with low spatial predictability - they could occur in numerous places and without warning - regional areal extent - affecting large numbers of people in a wide range of locations

Question 33

Basaltic shield eruption HP

Answer 33

Magnitude: small Speed of onset: fairly slow Areal extent: local Duration: fairly long Frequency: quite high Spatial predictability: fairly precise

Question 34

Andesitic composite cone eruption HP

Answer 34

Magnitude: almost middling Speed: middling Areal extent: closer to local than regional Duration: medium Frequency: fairly low Spacial predictability: fairly precise (but less so than basaltic shield)

Question 35

Subduction zone EQ HP

Answer 35

Magnitude: more than medium Speed: very rapid Size: closer to regional than local Duration: shortest Frequency: closer to low than high Spatial predictability: fairly random

Question 36

Tsunami HP

Answer 36

Magnitude: largest Speed of onset: rapid Areal extent: largest Duration: quite short Frequency: high Spatial predictability: highest

Question 37

When answering a Q on hazard profiles:

Answer 37

- break it down into its sub components, and explain them separately - why are each of them important and how do they impact? - bring in overall pros and cons too