H - 1.5 -> 1.8

Question 1

4 key factors determining health levels

Answer 1

• Food
• Safe water
• Proper sanitation
• Healthcare

Question 2

deprivation

Answer 2

• A reduction of any, if not all of these
• Poverty symptoms combinate to create health risks
• These could lead to death / lower LE

Question 3

Societal Access:

Answer 3

• Polarised  - very rich and very poor
• Better off lifestyle carries risks – e.g. obesity, smoking, alcoholism, heart disease

Question 4

UK North-South Split

Answer 4

• Highest in Dorset – 82/men, 86/women
• Shortest in Glasgow – 72/men, 78/women
• LE gradually increasing, but more for men, because of less physically demanding jobs
  South east men 80.4, northeast men 78

Question 5

Link to economic prosperity

Answer 5

• higher access to higher quality healthcare
• higher disposable income = wellbeing activities more accessible
• healthcare infrastructure better as a nation
• better information and stronger health standards
• lower pollution/ green

Question 6

welfare state:

Answer 6

• state led
• funded by tax
• focused on social welfare
• equality of opportunity
• redistribution of wealth

Question 7

totalitarianism:

Answer 7

• centralised
• dictatorial
• complete subsidence

Question 8

Role of governments

Answer 8

Their decisions can prioritise :
- economic development - economic policies
- human development - education, healthcare
- environmental wellbeing

Question 9

Role of social progress

Answer 9

• Thinks about economic structure, political structure, social structure
• Aim: meet basic human needs, and create opportunities
• Social enterprise can be faster, i.e. profit-orientated businesses

Question 10

in a welfare state:

Answer 10

• The wellbeing of all citizens is regarded as a priority and spending on health care and education is high
• Taxes have to be high to covert it, or income from manufactured goods must be very good

Question 11

Venezuela

Answer 11

• Currently protesting because of lack o poverty, destitution, starvation, suffering and ideological slavery
• Pres. Hugo Chavez set up this system, but his successor have deployed security forces
• Huge reliance of oil / petrodollars to pay – high value in 2008 ($150/barrel), whilst today is $45
• Leaders involved in international drug trafficking

Question 12

General Pinochet (1973-1990) - Dictatorial free-trade

Answer 12

• General Pinochet’s Chicago Boys – wanted a laissez-faire, free market economy
• Import tariffs were slashed from
• Poverty rates dropped from 40% to 10%
• linked up with Milton friedman

Question 13

Deregulation of financial markets:

Answer 13

• The World Bank provided money for loans and unpaid debt, on one condition…
• (Latin American) governments were forced to continue reforms that favoured free-market capitalism

Question 14

1970s - Privatisation

Answer 14

• Companies, particularly copper mines were reprivatized
• Competition was allowed, and continued unchecked until the economy was dominated by a few conglomerates, which could reduce competition!

Question 15

Global Recession and Latin American Debt Crisis

Answer 15

• Money was borrowed from the IMF and World Bank
• Then oil prices surged in 1970s countries debt shot up – they required more money in order to repay , as exchange rate deteriorated in comparison to US dollar = huge owes of national currencies.
• also contraction of world trade meant Dutch disease
• in combination with interest rates going up due to global recession, meaning huge repayment sum, which led to collapse of economy
• inflation spiked across the continent and real wages dropped from 20-40%
• Unemployment rose to 30% - poverty rose to 45%

Question 16

An experiment with Socialism President Michelle Bachelet (2014-2018)

Answer 16

• Price of copper started to fall in 2014
• Labour union were strengthened
• Businesses became nervous and investment contracted

Question 17

Better education

Answer 17

• Under President Bachelet, company taxes were paid into early childhood development programmes and maternal mortality.
• Free nursery places for every child to encourage women and young people into the labour force

Question 18

Better health

Answer 18

• Ageing population – needs more women, young people and immigrants
• Under President Bachelet, company taxes were paid into early childhood development programmes and maternal mortality.

Question 19

Better human rights

Answer 19

• $8bn is being spent on the poorest region of Childe – Araucania
• Land has been returned to the Mapuches (and protected)
• Mapuche people are not allowed to sell their land to non-Mapuche investors

Question 20

Sebasian Pinera
(March 2018 onwards)

Answer 20

• Tax code revised to make it fairer for companies to work
• Union legislation simplified – so it is harder for strikes to threaten business productivity.
• Investment rising at 7.1%/yr
• GDP growth rising to 5.3%/yr

Question 21

Improved environmental quality

Answer 21

• Deforestation is being slowed and tree-planting is beginning
• Improved soil quality supports wheat, oats, and grape production
  200,000 firewood heaters are being replaced by gas, paraffin and wood pellet-based heaters – improving air quality and CO2 emissions

Question 22

typical reasons for lack of MDG progress:

Answer 22

• Limited overall economic development – so poverty remained persistent
• Unable to participate in globalization, i.e. trade
• War, conflict, drought, desertification, population growth – with match problems in medical infrastructure / personnel
• War can reverse progress
• Lack of industrial development
• Lack of political will to get change, e.g. tribal politics, lack of political consensus, lack of trust

Question 23

sustainable development goals:

Answer 23

• Written through consultation with major groups and stakeholders in 70 countries.
• The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, was agreed by world leaders at a summit in September 2015.
• The agenda set out 17 SDG’s to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and tackle CC by 2030.

Question 24

main criticisms:

Answer 24

• Some MDG progress linked to growing Chinese affluence
• Too many self-interest by different IGOs
• They’re too expensive 4% of world GDP (currently 1.3 of 0.7% promised funding is given)
• Willingness to accept not everything will be done
• Local development is always varied

Question 25

millenium development goals:

Answer 25

In 2000: - eradicate poverty + hunger - universal primary education - combat AIDS, HIV, Malaria and other diseases - develop global partnerships for development - promote gender equality - reduce infant mortality - improve maternal health - encourage environmental sustainability

Question 26

HHR goals

Answer 26

- access to clean + reliable water - a varied economy - good, accessible education - limited environmental damage - reducing mortality rates and protection of HR

Question 27

How can education link to development

Answer 27

- skilled workforce will attract high income oppo + TNC’s - can improve health of population as they are more informed

Question 28

Unequal access to health

Answer 28

- access to health services - lifestyle and health outcomes - income - housing - environment - transport - education

Question 29

Access to health services

Answer 29

- gypsy and traveller communities have reported issues surrounding languages - 13% of LGBT respondents in a survey reported unequal treatment from healthcare staff due to sexuality

Question 30

Lifestyle issues

Answer 30

- smoking - poor diet - drinking - physical inactivity

Question 31

Income

Answer 31

- ability to buy health improving goods, like healthier food and gym memberships - children from bottom fifth income distribution are 4+ times likely to experience severe mental health problems than those in the top fifth

Question 32

Housing

Answer 32

Poor quality and overcrowded housing conditions are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, depression and anxiety

Question 33

Environment

Answer 33

Exposure to air pollutants cut short estimated 28k-26k lives a yr

Question 34

Transport

Answer 34

Those living in most depressed areas have 50% more risk of dying in a road accident

Question 35

Education

Answer 35

Those with uni degree at age 30 expected to live 5 years longer

Question 36

The dominant IGO’s have

Answer 36

Traditionally promoted neoliberal views of development, based on the adoption of free trade, privatisation and deregulation of financial markets - as seen in Chile. But recent programmes have also been aimed at improving environment, health, education and HR

Question 37

Concerns that neoliberalism:

Answer 37

- benefits businesses and TNCs far more than ordinary people so creates inequality - urban to rural inequality - economic growth at the expense of the environment

Question 38

World bank education

Answer 38

- found member of global partnership for education in 02 - invests into. Early education for all children - focus on the poorest and most disadvantaged - over 35$ mil in educational programmes between 02-15

Question 39

World bank environment

Answer 39

- climate change action plan in 16 - aims to help developing like India to add 30 GW of renewable - aims to provide early flooding warning systems for 100 million people

Question 40

Drawbacks to MDGS

Answer 40

- only one goal met - some countries make up larger portions - 800 mil stil live in extreme pov and hunger

Question 41

Success of MDG

Answer 41

- health target prevented 20 million deaths between 00 - 15 - infant mortality in sub Sahara fell by 37% - improved access to sanitation for 2.1 billion - primary school enrolment increased from 83 - 91