G -> 3.5-3.7

Question 1

localism supports:

Answer 1

local production and consumption of goods, local government control, and promotion of local culture and history

Question 2

Totnes Pound

Answer 2

aim: to keep money circulating in the community and get people thinking about how they spend their money
- encourage more local trade
- reduce food and trade miles
- encourage tourists to use local businesses

Question 3

Totnes Street

Answer 3

• community gardens and tree plantings
• match the waste of one industry with another that uses hat waste material, sometimes known as industrial symbiosis
• repair old items rather than throwing them away is encouraged

Question 4

Totnes Transition

Answer 4

• aspire to be somewhere much better to live in than places built on consumerism
• rebuild relationships within the community and with the natural world
• remove reliance on global finance - build local currency and economy

Question 5

problems with local sustainability

Answer 5

• locally produced vegetables may be more environmentally damaging (heated greenhouses other than importing from Spain)
• local produce is extensively farmed - higher cost per item, so not always affordable some
• buying locally in UK reduces earnings for suppliers in developing world, cutting their earnings

Question 6

peak oil definition

Answer 6

• describes the moment at which extraction of petroleum reaches a rate greater than at any time in the past or future

Question 7

fair trade idea in theory

Answer 7

• you can help the environment - organic food
• you can help poorer farmers
• you can show disdain for multinational companies and buy locally

Question 8

fair trade idea in reality

Answer 8

• less intensive organic food requires much more land to grow equivalent amount of food
• 50% of food transport is cars, so is inefficient to local farmers compared to a big packed lorry

Question 9

ethical concerns from globalisation

Answer 9

• industrial companies, so are polluting
• some workers are being exploited
• sub contracting brings weal governance, eg sweatshops
• factors based in developing world so therefore less stringent laws on health and safety

Question 10

environmental problems of globalisation:

part 1

Answer 10

• environmental concerns EU environmental regulations, so negative externalities of production have shifted to developing countries
• increased exploitation of natural resources in developing countries, eg palm oil production in Indonesia, so loss of orangutan habitats
• less strict regulations so higher levels of pollution, eg Taipei in Taiwan has one of worlds highest pollution levels

Question 11

environmental problems of globalisation:

part 2:

Answer 11

• increased length of production chain, so each stage can cause air/water/ land pollution
• pollution and damage to ecosystems may cause long term problems to ecosystems and to people’s health, eg, over 7k factories in Mexico City = dangerous levels of air pollution 2/3 days

Question 12

state two reasons why waste disposal can create concerns

Answer 12

• environmental issues such as ocean pollution

- health issues, waste disposal can spread/ create disease

Question 13

state two reasons why some people are concerned about transition towns:

Answer 13

• fair trade farmers overseas willl get less income, so less for families
• local goods can be more expensive
• not inclusive beyond the town

Question 14

state two reasons why globalisation creates ethical concerns

Answer 14

• cultural dilution

- work conditions for low wage worker within factories

Question 15

ecological footprint

Answer 15

• impact on the environment is measured by our ecological footprint
• an ecological footprint is the amount of land needed to provide a person with everything they consume
• different societies using more resources mean bigger footprint which means bigger impact on the environment

Question 16

circular economy definition

Answer 16

shifting the cost of production/ waste onto manufacturers, so they have ti find ways to maximise profits by reusing components

Question 17

how does a circular economy reduce ecological FP?

Answer 17

usually, goods are produced sold and then disposed of. however in a circular economy, goods are produced, old the repaired/ recycled when something goes wrong or resold if all is fine. The materials that would have been disposed of are therefore conserved, all while less waste is produced - which reduced FP

Question 18

why sustainable development may work

Answer 18

• reduces need for landfill sites
• reduced need for new respurces
• goods are sorted so reduced processing time and cost
• helps meet EU/ gov targets
• reduces methane from landfill

Question 19

why sustainable development may not work

Answer 19

• lack of education over green
• negative press coverage
• too complicated/ can’t be bothered
• more collections increase pollution
• still uses energy to reprocess
• waste gets sent abroad and poor are exploited to sort it

Question 20

3.5 overall

Answer 20

Maintain culture Perhaps by establishing transition towns to protect local economy

Question 21

3.6 overall

Answer 21

Manipulating trade to limit the social and environmental damage, e.g. coffee

Question 22

Some concerns about transition towns

Answer 22

• Missing out on globalisation; e.g. national markets have greater buying power / economies of scale
• Not very inclusive beyond the town they are operating in
• Disincentives for local businesses to operate sustainably (economically)
• Products might not be produced in the most environmentally / resource efficient location
• Costs of transport might increased because of increased localism

Question 23

Some ethical concerns

Answer 23

• Industrial / transport companies, so polluting/high CO2 emissions
• Some workers could be exploited
• Corruption endemic/ ‘way of life’ in some countries
• Sub-contracting brings weak governance e.g. sweatshops.
• May have factories / offices based in developing world so less stringent health & safety / environmental laws

Question 24

Local ways to be ethical when buying local

Answer 24

• High price paid to growers
• High prices paid to roasters
• Workers own the co-operative
• High overall cost to consumer
• Groups /players working together positively
• Fair trade
• Organic
• Uses recycled packaging

Question 25

Problems for consumers when buying local

Answer 25

• Local food isn’t always available, and can be more expensive, • Might have high environmental costs e.g. heated greenhouses, so consumers’ ethical standards are not met might have to buy GM crops instead. • Consumers lose access to all-year supplies of seasonal food. • Food routed via depots so long journeys are still made. • Unrealistic for local area to support large population of a city

Question 26

Benefits of buying locally

Answer 26

• Lower carbon footprint/lower food miles (or similar) means reduced emissions / greener / more sustainable • Local food is often organic, not using pesticides, so its good for biodiversity • Local farmers receive a raised income • Consumers know where the food has come from

Question 27

Problems for producers of buying locally in U.K.

Answer 27

• Poor farmers in LDCs lose trade • Less sales creates surplus, price fluctuates • Even harder for poor farmers to access HIC markets (e.g. EU tariffs)

Question 28

3.7 overall

Answer 28

Ethical and environmental concerns about unsustainability have led to increased localism and awareness of the impacts of a consumer society