H - 2.5 -> 2.7

Question 1

Rohingya Muslims

Answer 1

• Denied Citizenship in 1982, due to Myanmar Nationality Law and then subjected to military crackdowns leading to 740k to Bangladeshi
• stateless population
• 2015-18 crisis has been called a genocide and crime against humanity

Question 2

Post-colonial Tension

Answer 2

• Countries in Africa-Asia have borders that ignore ethnic / cultural groups
• Could even be straight lines
• Significant post-independence tension
• E.g. Iraq 192
• E.g. India 1947
• E.g. West Africa
• E.g. Roma in E Eur
• E.g. Dalits in India

Question 3

E.g. Burma

Answer 3

• Military junta linked to organised crime
• Yet 5% of seats have to be military representations, and they can veto constitutional change

Question 4

Why the problems

Answer 4

• Indigenous groups excluded from administration of colonies
• Lacked experience of running countries
• Opportunist insurgent groups vied for political control, resulting in violence

Question 5

indigenous people

Answer 5

• More than 370 million indigenous people
• Live in more than 70 countries around the world (5%) of the world’s population.
• 46 million live in the Americas
• 40 million living in Latin America, (13% of the population)
• Characterised by rich diversity of cultures, religions, traditions and languages.
• They face serious discrimination.

Question 6

threatened by

Answer 6

• Mining, oil extraction, dam building, logging and agro-industrial projects.
• Driven off their homelands and ending up in towns and cities.
• Poorer and less educated
• Worse health

Question 7

protected by

Answer 7

• 1995: UN recognised the rights of Indigenous People with awareness campaigns,
• 2000: Permanent forum on Indigenous issues (2000)
• 2007: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples (2007).

Question 8

Demography

Answer 8

• 2% of the US population
• 78% live outside of tribal territories (i.e. dispersed)

Question 9

Politically

Answer 9

• Sovereign… in theory
• But subject to treaties and federal laws
• Managed via Bureau of Indian Affairs

Question 10

Socially

Answer 10

Socially

• Indian Health Services
• Looks after 2m people
• Off reservation makes access difficult
• Underfunded – sterilisation and medical records are error-prone
• Underskilled and unqualified staff
• Less than 5% have medical insurance – can’t access US Health Care

Question 11

education

Answer 11

• Performance is 10% below white population
• 5% attend native schools, with ‘native ways of knowing’

Question 12

Obama’s Generation Indigenous Initiative

Answer 12

• Health, Education, Nutrition, Juvenile Justice, Housing , Youth
• Funding opportunities
• Invested in buildings and infrastructure

Question 13

President Paul Kagame

Answer 13

• Grew up in a refugee camp in Uganda.
• Invaded Rwanda with Rwandan Patriotic Front in 1990.
• Ended the genocide with a military victory.
• de facto leader since 1994 (Vice President & Head of Military).
• President since 2000 – won 3 elections, none considered ‘free or fair’.
• Largely authoritarian rule – rapid economic growth, high spending on education (17% of GDP), 90% of pop. enrolled in health insurance

Question 14

Global Gender Gap Index

Answer 14

• Compiled by the World Economic Forum since 2006.
• NGO?- Davos conference – 3,000 paying members, including heads of state.
• Measures 4 aspects of gender equality in every country – economic, educational, health & political.
• Closer to 1, the smaller the gap between genders.

Question 15

Measuring it:

Answer 15

• World Economic Forum Inequality Index.
• Economic, Education, Health, Politics.
• Europe (Nordics) high, sub-Saharan Africa &
  Afghanistan low. UK 22nd.
• Some outliers – Rwands, Nicaragua

Question 16

Gender Gap

Answer 16

• There are growing equality movements within countries.
• Some countries make progress by choosing to enact laws – Nicaragua, Rwanda.
• Biggest restrictions are linked to distorted religious belief.
• But there is still unequal pay and women are still victims of crime.

Question 17

Reasons for the Gender Gap

Answer 17

• Historical, religious, economic and cultural realities.
• Ongoing (lack of) access to power and decision making or limited availability of childcare.
• In Arab countries the position of women is not accepted as equal due to Sharia law, yet education is increasingly available (e.g. Oman).
• Elsewhere (Rwanda, Bolivia, Cuba) equality of opportunity for women has resulted in participation in all sectors of society including growing government representation.
• In Bangladesh increased education of girls has resulted in later marriage and falls in birth rate and maternal mortality.

Question 18

Rwanda

Answer 18

• Post colonial – Majority Hutus (85%) & Tutsis.
• Tutsis favoured by Belgians, but Hutu revolution
  in 1959 – 330,000 Tutsis fled country.
• Tutsi Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) invade from Uganda.
• 1994 – President’s plane shot down – Hutus kill 500-800,000 Tutsis – Rwandan Genocide.

Question 19

civil war

Answer 19

ended with RPF military victory. Paul Kagame de facto leader since.
* ‘From blood-spattered wreck to an orderly society with robust economic growth, falling poverty and declining inequality’
* 56% of MPs are female.

Question 20

Rohingya

Answer 20

Significant groups defined by ethnicity/ religion have fewer rights than dominant group
extreme nationalism in Burma means the Rohingya are hated:
- denied citizenship under the 1982 citizenship law - they are a states less population
- 900k live in overcrowded camps in Bangladesh, felling from Myanmar
- estimated 600k in Rakhine state subject to gov persecution, confined to camps without freedom of movement, food, healthcare and education.

Question 21

Indigenous in America

Answer 21

Home owners - 53% vs 63%
High school diploma - 83% vs 87%
Average income - 38.5k vs 55.7k
Poverty - 27% vs 15%
No health expectancy - 21 vs 9

Question 22

Average Native American life expectancy

Answer 22

65.8

Average American = 77.8

Question 23

Kagames Rwanda

Answer 23

• number 6 in WEF gender equality index
• women hold 61% of seats
• women have equal property rights
• Girls Education Task Force and all women Aikiah Insititute

Question 24

Gender example - women in Pakistan

Answer 24

• progress in improving women’s lives very slow
• child marriages and forced marriages widespread
• female literacy 25% lower
• honour killings are very common

Question 25

Bolivia

Answer 25

Evo morales is Aymara, so his policies have been targeted at reducing the discrimination against the indigenous, land + education reform + welfare spending has all improved wellbeing for indigenous But - some argue they’ve made middle class worse off and High taxes discouraged business investment