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II. Pharmacology > Cancer Chemotherapy (M3) > Flashcards

Cancer Chemotherapy (M3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the environmental carcinogens that can cause cancer?

A
  1. substance in tobacco
  2. azo dyes
  3. aflotoxins
  4. asbestos
  5. benzene
  6. radon
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2
Q

What are the viruses capable of causing cancer (and what types of cancer for each)?

A
  1. HBV and HCV (hepatocellular cancer)
  2. HIV (lymphoma)
  3. HPV (cervical cancer)
  4. EBV (nasopharyngeal cancer, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma)
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3
Q

What are cellular genes that code for specific growth factors and receptors that can cause cancer? 1. What are the ones that inhibit apoptosis? 2

A
  1. oncogenes

2. Bcl-2 family

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4
Q

What is the gene that is most commonly mutated in solid tumors?

A

p53

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5
Q

What percentage of patients diagnosed with cancer can be cured?

A

50%

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6
Q

What are cancers that primary chemotherapy can be curative?

A
  1. Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
  2. acute myelogenous leukemia
  3. germ cell cancer
  4. choriocarcinoma
  5. childhood cancers
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7
Q

What type of cancer is primary chemo mostly used for?

A

advanced cancer

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8
Q

What overall type of cancer is neoadjuvant chemo mostly used for?

A

localized cancer

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9
Q

What individual types of cancer is neoadjuvant chemo used for?

A
  1. anal or bladder cancer
  2. gastroesophageal or laryngeal cancer
  3. non-small cell lung cancer
  4. osteogenic sarcoma
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10
Q

When is adjuvant therapy used?

A

after surgery

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11
Q

What is the thought that tumor cells grow at an exponential number so anti-cancer agents kill at a constant fraction?

A

log-kill hypothesis

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12
Q

What is the model of tumors that says exponential growth is matched by exponential retardation of growth and with large tumors, growth fraction is low and fraction killed is small?

A

Gompertzian Model of tumor growth and regression

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13
Q

What is the advantage of drugs that target the cell cycle for treatment of cancer?

A

less “collateral damage” of killing health cells

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14
Q

What cell cycle phase do antimetobolites target?

A

S phase

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15
Q

What cell cycle phase does epipodophyllotoxin target?

A

G1-S phase

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16
Q

What cell cycle phase do taxanes target?

A

M phase

17
Q

What cell cycle phase do Vinca alkaloids target?

A

M phase

18
Q

What cell cycle phase does an antimicrotubule inhibitor target?

A

M phase

19
Q

What cell cycle phase do antitumor antibiotics target?

A

G2-M phase

20
Q

If a tumor is in linear phase of the dose-response curve, should the treatment be stopped, reduced, or continued?

A

continued

21
Q

What are the three approaches to dosage intensity?

A
  1. dose escalation
  2. reduction in interval btw treatment cycle
  3. sequential scheduling of combination regimens
22
Q

What is drug resistance in absence of prior exposure to anti-cancer drugs called? 1. What is it due to? 2

A
  1. primary resistance

2. genomic instability associated with cancer (p53)

23
Q

What is the resistance that develops in response to exposure to anti-cancer agents? 1. What is it due to? 2. What is the gene that can often be altered? 3

A
  1. acquired resistance
  2. change in genetic machinery of tumor cell
  3. MDR1
24
Q

What is the most common cancer in children?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

25
Q

What are the primary drugs used for ALL?

A
  1. vincristine

2. methotrexate

26
Q

What are the primary drugs used for AML?

A
  1. Cytarabine

2. idarubicin

27
Q

What are the primary drugs used for CML?

A
  1. Imatinib
  2. interferon alpha
  3. busulfan
28
Q

What is the treatment for stage I breast cancer?

A

surgery only

29
Q

What are the primary drugs used for multiple myeloma?

A
  1. melphalan and prednisone
  2. thalidomide
  3. bortezomib and carfilzomib
30
Q

What is the treatment for stage II breast cancer?

A
  1. cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil
  2. fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide
  3. trastuzumab with anthrcycline or taxane
  4. tomoxifen
31
Q

What is the treatment for stage III or IV breast cancer?

A
  1. combotherapy and endocrine therapy

2. anthracyclines, taxanes, others for metastatic

II. Pharmacology (43 decks)

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