Cardiovascular Compensation Flashcards

1
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Clusters of nerve cells in the autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the thoracolumbar nervous system also known as?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the craniosacral nervous system also known as?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the sympathetic nervous system anatomically? What does this system require?

A

Out of the thoracolumbar of the spine

Requires high cardiac output and skeletal muscle activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

During fight or flight, what happens to blood vessels?

A

Non-essential (most) constrict

Coronary and skeletal muscle vessels dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system acts to ‘rest and digest’. Where is it anatomically? What happens to most vessels?

A

Out of the brain - cranial nerve 10 (vagus)

Most vessels dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What receptors are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system? Where are they? What type of chemicals do they receive?

A

M2 - blood vessels
M3 - Heart
Cholinergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic nervous system? What type of chemicals do they receive?

A

A1 - blood vessels
A2- blood vessels
B1- Heart
B2 - blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Before and during exercise, what 3 mechanisms can increase cardiac output?

A

Psychogenic response
Baroreflex
Exercise reflex - muscle/joint receptors feedback to cause autoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is hypovolaemia? What causes it?

A

Decreased blood volume

Haemorrhage, dehydration, or trapping of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does hypovolaemic shock occur?

A

Hypoloaemia causes drop in venous return
Drop in preload
Decrease in cardiac output
Leads to organ failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the body’s first reaction to hypovolaemia? What does the body do if this persists?

A

Baroreflex first

Then RAAS, starling’s law and spleen contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

After blood loss, what happens to packed cell volume and blood protein levels?

A

Decreased
Blood is diluted
Fluid is replaced, proteins and cells also need replacing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Forward heart failure often leads to backwards heart failure. What is forward Heart failure?

A

Systolic failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does forward heart failure lead to? What are symptoms?

A

Thready (weak) pulse
Reduced CO
Breathless, fainting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is backward heart failure? (Also known as congestive heart failure)

A

Inability to cope with preload

17
Q

What are the results of backward heart failure?

A

Decreased venous pressure

Increased capillary pressure (leads to oedema)

18
Q

What can often be the cause of backwards heart failure?

A

Faulty valves

19
Q

How can heart failure lead to a viscous circle?

A

Compensatory mechanisms fail
Further stimulation of compensatory mechanisms
More water retention and vasonstriction
Increased workload on failing heart

20
Q

What are natriuretic peptides?

A

Proteins which cause the excretion of sodium at the kidney

21
Q

What do natriuretic peptides cause water to do?

A

Move out of the kidney via osmosis as sodium lost from kidney

22
Q

What can natriuretic peptides be an indicator of?

A

Myocardial stretch