Respiratory Anatomy & Intro

Question 1

What is the difference between the ventilation system and the respiration system?

Answer 1

VS: where air moves (nostrils - bronchioles)
RS: where gas is exchanged

Question 2

What happens to air as it passes through the nostrils? Which part of the nostrils do this?

Answer 2

Warm and humidify air (nasal turbinates)

Clean (mucous and hairs)

Question 3

Why are breeds like pugs prone to respiratory infections?

Answer 3

Short nasal passage

Cannot clean/warm/humidify air

Question 4

What happens during laryngeal paralysis?

Answer 4

Larynx folds over the trachea

Question 5

The nasal cavity is split into three passages. What are these called?

Answer 5

Superior nasal meatus
Middle nasal meatus
Inferior nasal meatus

Question 6

What structures support the cartilaginous rings of the trachea?

Answer 6

Muscle: dorsal tracheales

Connective tissue

Question 7

What is ‘respiratory epithelium’?

Answer 7

Special pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells which produce mucous from goblet cells

Question 8

What is each lung supplied air by?

Answer 8

Primary bronchi

Question 9

What is each lobe supplied air by?

Answer 9

Secondary bronchi

Question 10

What is each lobule supplied air by?

Answer 10

Tertiary bronchi

Question 11

What animals have additional bronchi branching?

Answer 11

Pigs

Ruminants

Question 12

What structures support bronchi?

Answer 12

Cartilage and smooth muscle

Question 13

What structures support bronchioles?

Answer 13

Smooth muscle

Question 14

Which type of bronchiole lose the respiratory epithelium? What is it replaced with?

Answer 14

Tertiary (alveoli)
Simple squamous (type 1 alveolocytes)
Cuboidal (type 2 alveolocytes)

Question 15

What do type 2 alveolocytes secrete? What is this? What does it do

Answer 15

Pulmonary surfactant
Lipoprotein
Reduces surface tension within alveoli

Question 16

Which pleura (serous membrane) make up the parietal pleura?

Answer 16

Visceral pleura (lungs)
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal

Question 17

What is dead space?

Answer 17

Regions which are ventilated but do not participate in gas exchange

Question 18

What it is the alveolar septa?

Answer 18

Strucutre which separates adjacent alveoli

Question 19

Yorkies have what type of trachea that makes them prone to collapsing?

Answer 19

Wide cartilage

Large tracheal muscles

Question 20

Which species have lobed lungs?

Answer 20

Pigs and ruminants

Question 21

Which lobe does the horse not have?

Answer 21

Middle

Question 22

Which molecule acts as an oxygen store for working muscles?

Answer 22

Myoglobin

Question 23

What is the blood supply to the lungs?

Answer 23

Pulmonary artery and vein

Bronchial arteries from aorta, empty into azygous vein

Question 24

What is the clinical signifcance of having no arterial venous anastomoses in the lungs?

Answer 24

All blood must pass through a capillary bed

Likely for tumour

Question 25

What gives the sympathetic supply to the lungs?

Answer 25

Pulmonary plexus

Question 26

What gives the parasympathetic nerve supply to the lungs?

Answer 26

Vagus and pulmonary plexus

Question 27

What is normal breathing?

Answer 27

Eupnoea

Question 28

What is increased breathing rate?

Answer 28

Tachypnoea

Question 29

What is increased breathing depth

Answer 29

Hyperpnoea

Question 30

What is no breathing

Answer 30

Apnoea

Question 31

What is laboured breathing

Answer 31

Dyspnoea

Question 32

Which species has both active and passive phases to inspiration and expiration?

Answer 32

Horse

Question 33

Describe active inspiration and what happens after it

Answer 33

Abdominal muscles push abdomen cranially Pushes diaphragm into thorax Passive inspiration due to negative pressure

Question 34

What is the normal respiratory rate for most animals? What about horses?

Answer 34

20-30 | 10-12

Question 35

In which direction do external intercostal muscles run?

Answer 35

Caudventrally

Question 36

In which direction do internal intercostal muscles run?

Answer 36

Cranio centrally

Question 37

Do small alveoli need more or less surfactant?

Answer 37

More | More surface tension due to larger SA and pressure gradient

Question 38

What is minute ventilation equal to?

Answer 38

Respiratory rate x tidal volume

Question 39

Is turbulence found in larger or smaller airways?

Answer 39

Larger