Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 > Urinary Part 2 > Flashcards

Urinary Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is tubular reabsorption? Give examples. Is it active or passive?

A

Returning important substances from filtrate back into the blood
AAs, water, glucose, vitamins
Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption occur?

A

PCT microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate into ISF by which enzyme?

A

Na/K ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the proportionality of the following..
Glucose filtration
Glucose reabsorption
Glucose secretion

A

Directly proportional. High levels - glucosuria
Proportional until saturation. Rest of glucose - glucosuria?
Secretion, zero until point, then proportional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is the majority of HCO3 reabsorbed? Does it have a transporter protein? How is it reabsorbed?

A

PCT
No
Na/H antiport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Write the equation between H2O and CO2

A

H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most proteins are too large to enter the bowmans capsule. What happens to the small proteins that enter?

A

Endocytosis in PCT
Degradation into AAs
Absorbed into capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is sodium crucial for reabsorption?

A

Filtrate has same concentration as plasma (PCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is water reabsorbed? What is this after? What does this also fuel?

A

osmosis
After removal of Na/Cl
Fuels secondary AT of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 routes of absorption into ISF?

A

Paracellular - passive, adjacent tubules via gap junctions

Transcellular - between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What proteins are found in the membrane of the descending LOH?

A

Aquaporins - water diffuses into blood, gets concentrated the further down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What transporters are present in the ascending loop of Henle?

A

Na/K/ATPase
No aquaporins
Dilutes as ascends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The vasa recta countercurrent system is not enough to create an osmotic gradient. Why is this?What helps this?

A

Nephrons so closely packed

Urea recycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

Capillary network in juxtamedullary nephrons

Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the filtration and reabsorption of urea

A

Small - filtered
Not actively reabsorbed
50% passively reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What creates urea recycling? How do these allow urea movement?

A

Medullary collecting duct
Descending vasa recta
LOH
Have protein permeable to urea, allows it to move down the concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone produced and stored?

A

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does antidiuretic hormone concentrate urine?

A

Increases number of aquaporins in nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the ability to concentrate urine depend on?

A

Loop of Henle length, aquaporins

Number of juxtamedullary neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

By the DCT, describe the filtration and reabsorption of sodium, potassium and bicarbonate

A

Na - 100% f, 90%r
K - 100% f, 100% r
HCO3 - 100% f, 100% r

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Proteins in the DCT are able to pump H+ against large concentration gradients. What are the 2 types of cell and when do they work?

A

Type A - during acidosis, increase H+ secretion, absorb HCO3

Type B - during alkalosis, increase HCO3 secretion, absorb H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Fat soluble hormone

Regulates protein synthesis and ion channels which enable potassium secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the muscle found in the bladder? What is its innervation?

A

Detrusor
Parasympathetic - pelvic nerve
Sympathetic - hypogastric nerve.

24
Q

Does urine composition change between the collecting duct and bladder?

A

Only in horses

25
What happens as the bladder fills?
Detrusor relaxes | Continuous excitation of sphincter muscles - acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors.
26
Where is the external urethral sphincter? Is it voluntary or not?
Peritoneum | Yes
27
Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary?
No
28
What provides the sympathetic nerve supply to the internal sphincter?
Hypogastric
29
What provides the parasympathetic nerve supply to all of the bladder system? except the detrusor - pelvic nerve
Pudendal
30
Describe the process of urination
High pressure opens internal sphincter Neck of bladder dilates Inhibition of skeletal muscle relaxes external sphincter
31
How does the brain know when the bladder is full?
Mechanoreceptors, stretch in bladder wall
32
In newborns, what nerves controls bladder emptying?
Spinal reflex
33
What is sensible loss? What is insensible loss?
Sensible -water loss via urine | Insensible - water loss via sweat, exhalation
34
What detects plasma osmolarity? What happens when there is a decrease?
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus | Fire action potentials, stimulates release of ADH and increases thirst
35
Why might be there a change in blood pressure/volume?
Haemorrhage
36
What is responsible for membrane potentials? Is it stored in the body?
Potassium | No
37
Describe the relative concentrations between urine and ECF concentration of potassium. What is this regulated by? What feedback is this?
Higher k+ in urine than in ECF Aldosterone Negative feedback
38
where is aldosterone released?
Adrenal cortex
39
What does aldosterone stimulate?
Collecting duct cells To secrete more K+, which causes reabsorption and Na/Cl and water Increases blood pressure
40
What controls changes in sodium absorption?
RAAS system Natriuretic peptides Hydrostatic pressure
41
When is angiotensin 2 released? What does it do?
In response to low blood pressure Causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone Causes hypothalamus to secrete ADH and increase thirst
42
Homeostatic functions of the kidney prevent fluctuations in what?
Fluid Acid/base balance Electrolyte balance
43
How can aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis help cause acidosis?
Produces H+ and CO2
44
What are the 3 lines of defence against acidosis/alkalosis
Buffer Breathing system Kidneys
45
How do the buffer systems restore pH? What is a limitation to this?
Bind to H+/OH- until they are excreted | Cannot buffer itself, can’t protect ECF
46
How can the lungs counteract acidosis/alkalosis? What are the limitations to this?
Expelling CO2 Acidosis - faster RR and depth Relies on normal respiratory function, limited availability of HCO3
47
How does the kidney restore pH to normal?
Excretion and reabsorption of ions
48
A decrease in glomerular filtrate rate can cause kidney dysfunction. What changes would happen to the blood?
Increased urea, creatine, phosphate Decreases HCO3 = metabolic acidosis More dilute urine = dehydration
49
Why does a compromised cardiovascular system affect renal function?
20% of CO goes to kidney
50
What are the 3 types of problems which can result in azotaemia?
Prerenal - reduced blood supply to kidney e.g. heart problem Renal - kidney itself Post renal - blockage of urine flow e.g. kidney stones
51
For prerenal and renal problems, can urine be concentrated?
Prerenal yes as problem is above kidneys | Renal no, as issue is with the kidneys
52
Kidney failure can also cause hypokalaemia. What does this cause? What is a symptom?
Less excitable muscle/nerve cells | Floppiness
53
Kidney failure can also cause hyperkalaemia. What does this cause? What is a symptom of this?
Nerve cells to be hyperpolarised, cannot depolarise Less excitable SLow heart heart
54
What% of the body is solid and water?
40% solid | 60% water
55
What proportion of liquid is ECF/ICF?
2/3 ECF | 1/3 ECF
56
What is ECF made of? And %
80% ISF | 20% plasma
57
What do natriuretic peptides do?
Cause sodium excretion

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions