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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 > Urinary Part 2 > Flashcards

Urinary Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is tubular reabsorption? Give examples. Is it active or passive?

A

Returning important substances from filtrate back into the blood
AAs, water, glucose, vitamins
Both

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2
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption occur?

A

PCT microvilli

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3
Q

Sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate into ISF by which enzyme?

A

Na/K ATPase

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4
Q

Describe the proportionality of the following..
Glucose filtration
Glucose reabsorption
Glucose secretion

A

Directly proportional. High levels - glucosuria
Proportional until saturation. Rest of glucose - glucosuria?
Secretion, zero until point, then proportional

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5
Q

Where is the majority of HCO3 reabsorbed? Does it have a transporter protein? How is it reabsorbed?

A

PCT
No
Na/H antiport

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6
Q

Write the equation between H2O and CO2

A

H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

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7
Q

Most proteins are too large to enter the bowmans capsule. What happens to the small proteins that enter?

A

Endocytosis in PCT
Degradation into AAs
Absorbed into capillaries

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8
Q

Why is sodium crucial for reabsorption?

A

Filtrate has same concentration as plasma (PCT)

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9
Q

How is water reabsorbed? What is this after? What does this also fuel?

A

osmosis
After removal of Na/Cl
Fuels secondary AT of glucose

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10
Q

What are the 2 routes of absorption into ISF?

A

Paracellular - passive, adjacent tubules via gap junctions

Transcellular - between cells

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11
Q

What proteins are found in the membrane of the descending LOH?

A

Aquaporins - water diffuses into blood, gets concentrated the further down

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12
Q

What transporters are present in the ascending loop of Henle?

A

Na/K/ATPase
No aquaporins
Dilutes as ascends

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13
Q

The vasa recta countercurrent system is not enough to create an osmotic gradient. Why is this?What helps this?

A

Nephrons so closely packed

Urea recycling

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14
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

Capillary network in juxtamedullary nephrons

Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the medulla

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15
Q

Describe the filtration and reabsorption of urea

A

Small - filtered
Not actively reabsorbed
50% passively reabsorbed

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16
Q

What creates urea recycling? How do these allow urea movement?

A

Medullary collecting duct
Descending vasa recta
LOH
Have protein permeable to urea, allows it to move down the concentration gradient

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17
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone produced and stored?

A

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

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18
Q

How does antidiuretic hormone concentrate urine?

A

Increases number of aquaporins in nephron

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19
Q

What does the ability to concentrate urine depend on?

A

Loop of Henle length, aquaporins

Number of juxtamedullary neurons

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20
Q

By the DCT, describe the filtration and reabsorption of sodium, potassium and bicarbonate

A

Na - 100% f, 90%r
K - 100% f, 100% r
HCO3 - 100% f, 100% r

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21
Q

Proteins in the DCT are able to pump H+ against large concentration gradients. What are the 2 types of cell and when do they work?

A

Type A - during acidosis, increase H+ secretion, absorb HCO3

Type B - during alkalosis, increase HCO3 secretion, absorb H+

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22
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Fat soluble hormone

Regulates protein synthesis and ion channels which enable potassium secretion

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23
Q

What is the muscle found in the bladder? What is its innervation?

A

Detrusor
Parasympathetic - pelvic nerve
Sympathetic - hypogastric nerve.

24
Q

Does urine composition change between the collecting duct and bladder?

A

Only in horses

25
Q

What happens as the bladder fills?

A

Detrusor relaxes

Continuous excitation of sphincter muscles - acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors.

26
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter? Is it voluntary or not?

A

Peritoneum

Yes

27
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary?

A

No

28
Q

What provides the sympathetic nerve supply to the internal sphincter?

A

Hypogastric

29
Q

What provides the parasympathetic nerve supply to all of the bladder system? except the detrusor - pelvic nerve

A

Pudendal

30
Q

Describe the process of urination

A

High pressure opens internal sphincter
Neck of bladder dilates
Inhibition of skeletal muscle relaxes external sphincter

31
Q

How does the brain know when the bladder is full?

A

Mechanoreceptors, stretch in bladder wall

32
Q

In newborns, what nerves controls bladder emptying?

A

Spinal reflex

33
Q

What is sensible loss? What is insensible loss?

A

Sensible -water loss via urine

Insensible - water loss via sweat, exhalation

34
Q

What detects plasma osmolarity? What happens when there is a decrease?

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

Fire action potentials, stimulates release of ADH and increases thirst

35
Q

Why might be there a change in blood pressure/volume?

A

Haemorrhage

36
Q

What is responsible for membrane potentials? Is it stored in the body?

A

Potassium

No

37
Q

Describe the relative concentrations between urine and ECF concentration of potassium. What is this regulated by? What feedback is this?

A

Higher k+ in urine than in ECF
Aldosterone
Negative feedback

38
Q

where is aldosterone released?

A

Adrenal cortex

39
Q

What does aldosterone stimulate?

A

Collecting duct cells
To secrete more K+, which causes reabsorption and Na/Cl and water
Increases blood pressure

40
Q

What controls changes in sodium absorption?

A

RAAS system
Natriuretic peptides
Hydrostatic pressure

41
Q

When is angiotensin 2 released? What does it do?

A

In response to low blood pressure
Causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone
Causes hypothalamus to secrete ADH and increase thirst

42
Q

Homeostatic functions of the kidney prevent fluctuations in what?

A

Fluid
Acid/base balance
Electrolyte balance

43
Q

How can aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis help cause acidosis?

A

Produces H+ and CO2

44
Q

What are the 3 lines of defence against acidosis/alkalosis

A

Buffer
Breathing system
Kidneys

45
Q

How do the buffer systems restore pH? What is a limitation to this?

A

Bind to H+/OH- until they are excreted

Cannot buffer itself, can’t protect ECF

46
Q

How can the lungs counteract acidosis/alkalosis? What are the limitations to this?

A

Expelling CO2
Acidosis - faster RR and depth
Relies on normal respiratory function, limited availability of HCO3

47
Q

How does the kidney restore pH to normal?

A

Excretion and reabsorption of ions

48
Q

A decrease in glomerular filtrate rate can cause kidney dysfunction. What changes would happen to the blood?

A

Increased urea, creatine, phosphate
Decreases HCO3 = metabolic acidosis
More dilute urine = dehydration

49
Q

Why does a compromised cardiovascular system affect renal function?

A

20% of CO goes to kidney

50
Q

What are the 3 types of problems which can result in azotaemia?

A

Prerenal - reduced blood supply to kidney e.g. heart problem
Renal - kidney itself
Post renal - blockage of urine flow e.g. kidney stones

51
Q

For prerenal and renal problems, can urine be concentrated?

A

Prerenal yes as problem is above kidneys

Renal no, as issue is with the kidneys

52
Q

Kidney failure can also cause hypokalaemia. What does this cause? What is a symptom?

A

Less excitable muscle/nerve cells

Floppiness

53
Q

Kidney failure can also cause hyperkalaemia. What does this cause? What is a symptom of this?

A

Nerve cells to be hyperpolarised, cannot depolarise
Less excitable
SLow heart heart

54
Q

What% of the body is solid and water?

A

40% solid

60% water

55
Q

What proportion of liquid is ECF/ICF?

A

2/3 ECF

1/3 ECF

56
Q

What is ECF made of? And %

A

80% ISF

20% plasma

57
Q

What do natriuretic peptides do?

A

Cause sodium excretion

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 (54 decks)

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