Support Tissues

Question 1

Give examples of liquid support tissues

Answer 1

Cells - blood cells

Extra cellular matrix - plasma and lymph

Question 2

When observing liquid support tissues, most cells need a special stain to observe what. What do these release?

Answer 2

Cytoplasmic granules

Release histamine

Question 3

What is the function of the basal membrane?

Answer 3

Cell adhesion
Diffusion barrier
Regulate growth

Question 4

How is the basement membrane adhered to the basal lamina?

Answer 4

Hemidesmosomes

Question 5

What are the functions of support tissue?

Answer 5

Provide mechanical stability

Question 6

What is connective tissue made from?

Answer 6

Cells and extracellular matrix

Question 7

What is mesenchyme?

Answer 7

Connective tissue found in the embryo

Question 8

What is extracellular matrix? What does it do?

Answer 8

Fibrous proteins and extracellular molecules

Provide support to surrounding cells

Question 9

Which cells synthesise ECM? What do they mature to and how are these different?

Answer 9

Fibroblast

Fibrocytes - dormant, reduced in volume, elongated

Question 10

Extra cellular fluid is composed of..

Answer 10

Collagen fibres

GAGs - glucosaminoglycans

Question 11

Collagen attracts acid stain. Why?

Answer 11

It is positively charged

Question 12

What are the 2 main categories of ordinary connective tissue?

Answer 12

Loose

Dense

Question 13

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

Answer 13

Areolar
Adipose
Reticulum

Question 14

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?

Answer 14

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

Question 15

What does loose areolar connective tissue do? Where is it found?

Answer 15

Support epithelial lining of GI, respiratory and urinary tracts
Also found between cells of other organs

Question 16

What are the 2 types of loose adipose connective tissue?

Answer 16

White fat - energy reserve or insulation

Brown fat - produces heat in neonates, many mitochondria

Question 17

What is loose reticular connective tissue? What does it do?Where is it found?

Answer 17

Type of collagen
Acts as a filter
Liver and lymphatic system

Question 18

Where is regular dense CT found? What does it do?

Answer 18

Tendons/ligaments

Runs in same direction as muscle to provide strength and support

Question 19

What does dense irregular CT do?

Answer 19

Surrounds organs

Question 20

What does dense elastic CT do? What is it composed of?

Answer 20

Allows stretching of areas e.g. lungs/arteries
Attaches tendons
Composed of protein elastin

Question 21

What are specialised connective tissues? What are they produced by? What are the 3 types?

Answer 21

Cartilage
Produced by chondroblasts and chondrocytes
Fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage

Question 22

Give an example of where fibrocartilage is found. What does it do? What is it composed of?

Answer 22

Intervertebral disc
Allows support and flexibility
Lots of collagen

Question 23

Where is hyaline cartilage found? What does it do? What shape are the cells?

Answer 23

Joints
Provides support where bone is not required, save weight
Round

Question 24

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Answer 24

Flexible fibres e.g. pinna

Question 25

What shapes can bones be? What is the shaft of a bone called? What about the ends?

Answer 25

Long or flat Diaphysis Epiphysis

Question 26

Describe the cells involved with bone production and remodelling

Answer 26

``` Osteogenic cells Form osteoblasts (make new bone tissue and matrix) Form osteoclasts (maintain, reabsorbed and breakdown bone tissue) ```

Question 27

What penetrates into compact bone? What is the bone cavity filled with?

Answer 27

Blood vessels Nerves Lymphatic vessels Marrow

Question 28

What does red marrow produce? Where is it found? What about yellow marrow?

Answer 28

RBCs in young animals | Adult animals, adipose tissue can be used for haematopoiesis

Question 29

What is the Haversian system?

Answer 29

Functional units of compact bones - made of layers | Remodelled throughout life

Question 30

What is bone derived from in the embryo? What are the two types of ossification called? (Both lead to same type of flat bone)

Answer 30

Mesenchyme Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification

Question 31

Describe intramembranous ossification

Answer 31

Within the membrane Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts Osteoblasts lay down osteoid which is calcified into bone

Question 32

What is osteoid?

Answer 32

Bone matrix

Question 33

Describe woven bone

Answer 33

No organised layers surrounding blood vessels | Weak

Question 34

Describe endochondral ossification

Answer 34

Mainly long bones, develop inside cartilage Bone first made of solid hyaline cartilage which enlarges as foetus grows Woven bone remodelled into lamellar bone Formation starts at ossification centres. Chondrocytes die and become hallow Secondary centres of ossification lengthen the bone

Question 35

What is appositional growth?

Answer 35

The growth of cartilage whilst bone grows, due to addition of more ECM