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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 > Intro To Animal Handling / Husbandry > Flashcards

Intro To Animal Handling / Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

What system uses a scale of 0-2 to rate horse discomfort and tension?

A

Horse Grimace Scale system

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2
Q

What is an animal flight zone?

A

The area surrounding animal which when intruded, causes alarm and escape behaviour

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3
Q

Where are blind spots on large animals?

A

Back end (tail)

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4
Q

What is an animals point of balance?

A

Point on animal which handler can pass to move animal in opposite direction

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5
Q

Where is an animals point of balance usually located?

A

Shoulder

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6
Q

What is animal husbandry?

A

The breeding, rearing and care of domestic animals

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7
Q

What is biosecurity?

A

Preventing the transfer of pathogens between two locations

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8
Q

What are fomites?

A

Objects/materials which are likely to carry infection

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9
Q

Why are routine management procedures done?

A

Convenience

Handling

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10
Q

What is stock density?

A

The density of animals in an enclosure

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11
Q

Why are piglet teeth clipped?

A

To stop chewing mothers tweets

To stop tail biting

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12
Q

Why are sheep tails docked?

A

To prevent accumulation of faecal matter and infection

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13
Q

What are stereotypic behaviours?

A

Unusual animal behaviour

May or may not be harmful

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14
Q

What fraction of animals are obese?

A

1/4 cats

1/3 dogs

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15
Q

What 4 ways are used to assess the husbandry system?

A

Analyse records
Evaluation of resources
Animal assessments
People assessments

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16
Q

What is a sub clinical disease?

A

A disease which has few or no recognisable symptoms

Asymptomatic

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17
Q

What is biosecurity?

A

Preventing the transfer of pathogens between locations

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18
Q

What are routine management procedures?

A

Procedures done for convenience and handling

E.g. castration, spaying, tail docking

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19
Q

What are stereotypical behaviours?

A

Unusual animal behaviours which may or may not be harmful

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20
Q

What is the stack effect? What does it remove? How does this work?

A

Ventilation for buildings to replenish oxygen and remove CO2, NH3, moisture and pathogens
Pressure causes air drawn in through in inlets and out through outlets
Animals heat up air to cause convection currents

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21
Q

What is Yorkshire space boarding? How efficient?

A

Gaps between boards

Not that efficient as air is concentrated in one area

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22
Q

How can you assess ventilation?

A

Smoke test
Smells of urine/ammonia
Drafts
Animal behaviour

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23
Q

What is somatic cell count?

A

The number of WBCs in cows milk

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24
Q

What are the 4 methods of heat transfer?

A

Convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation

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25
Q

What is sensible/insensible heat loss?

A

Sensible - increases temperature of surrounding air

Insensible - doesn’t increase temp of surrounding air

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26
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

Heat generated within the body

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27
Q

What does ectothermic mean?

A

Core body T influenced by surroundings

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28
Q

What is homeothermic?

A

Core body temperature remains roughly constant

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29
Q

What is poikilothermic?

A

Body temperature varies dramatically

30
Q

Where is the core body temperature measured?

A

Brain
Thorax
Abdomen

31
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

Range of temperatures where animal does not need to do anything to maintain body T
Efficient for growth and production

32
Q

If drastically outside of the thermonetural zone, body mechanisms stop working. What is this called?

A

Hypo/hyperthermia

33
Q

What is the upper/lower critical temperatures?

A

One above or below this, an animal must do something to keep body T in thermoneutral zone
Under LCT - cold stress. Above UCT - heat stress

34
Q

Which animals are prone to heat stress and why?

A

Lactating cows
Metabolically demanding
Hey produced as byproduct

35
Q

Describe the LCT and TNZ of neonates and explain why this is

A

High LCT
Narrow TNZ
less body tissue and muscle

36
Q

Why are neonates more likely to get hypothermia?

A 
Born in fluid
Unsure how to seek shelter
High energy demand as growing
Weak immune systems
No brown fat (pigs)
Large surface area - proportion of head
37
Q

How do neonates cope with their high LCT?

A

Drink colostrum
Increase metabolic rate and therefore heat production
Brown fat

38
Q

What do animals do when too hot?

A 
Pant
Vasodilate
Go to shade
Lick fur
Increase SA
Malt 
Decrease food activity
Piloerection
39
Q

What do animals do when too cold?

A 
Vasoconstrict
Shiver (simultaneous contraction of antagonistic muscles)
Huddling
Brown fat
Increase food and activity
Antifreeze protein in blood
40
Q

What are the consequences of poor husbandry

A

Zoonoses, disease, malnutrition, lack of 5 freedoms, low productivity, financial loss, environmental damage, prosecution

41
Q

Why do we need food?

A

maintain and build cells, metabolism , growth, reproduction, location, physiological processes, muscle contraction

42
Q

What are the 6 classes of food?

A 
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Water
Vitamins
Inorganic elements
43
Q

What has agriculture expansion led to?

A

Decreased habitats, biodiversity

Gases, carbon emission (1/3 of worlds greenhouse gases)

44
Q

What has agriculture intensification lead to?

A

Increased pesticides
Immigration
Eutrophication

45
Q

How are greenhouse gases emitted by agriculture?

A

Deforestation
Methane from livestock
Nitrous oxides from fertilisers
Rice cultivation

46
Q

What are the body weight targets for puberty and mating?

A

50% puberty

65% mating

47
Q

What are the 3 types of moncultures?

A

Grass mono cultures - cattle/sheep grazing
Arable crop monocultures - crops, no grazing animals
Mixed farming - arable and grazing

48
Q

What is stratification?

A

Using different breed characteristics for different climates and husbandry types

49
Q

What are the output costs of farming?

A

Animal sales, replacements, premiums

50
Q

What are the variable costs of farming?

A

feeding, bedding, forage, vets, fertilisers, transport

51
Q

What are fixed costs of farming?

A

Rent/interest, utilities, staff

52
Q

What is the equation for gross margin of farming?

A

Output - variable cost

53
Q

What shape is the growth curve of life?

A

Sigmoid also

54
Q

What is yield feeding?

A

Feeding animal more during peak milk yield

55
Q

What is lead feeding?

A

Feeding an animal more prior to increased milk yield

56
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increased size of organ tissue due to increased cell production and therefore more cells

57
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increased volume of tissues/organs due to increased size of cell components

58
Q

What are positive and negative energy balances?

A 
\+ = energy required < energy provided. Leads to anabolism
- = energy required > energy provided. Leads to catabolism
59
Q

What is gross energy?

A

The energy of a food sample when dried and measure by a calorimeter

60
Q

What is digestible energy?

A

Gross energy - energy lost via faeces

61
Q

What is metabolisable energy?

A

Gross energy - (energy lost from faeces and urine)

62
Q

What is net energy?

A

Gross energy - (energy lost from heat, faeces and urine)

63
Q

Why is digestible energy inaccurate?

A

Assumes all nutrients are absorbed and that all faeces are waste products only

64
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

The energy needed to keep an animal alive with no movement

65
Q

What is fasting metabolic rate?

A

The energy needed to keep an animal alive and moving

66
Q

What is maintenance metabolic rate?

A

The energy needed for an animal to maintain a constant body mass

67
Q

Why do younger animals have a higher metabolic rate?

A

They are more active

68
Q

What are precocial species? How long is their gestation? How many offspring?

A

Species which can open their eyes, move and control their body T straight after birth
Long gestation
1 offspring

69
Q

What are altricial species? How long is their gestation? How many offspring are there?

A

Species which rely on mother when born- cannot open eyes, move or control body temperatures
Short gestation
Large litter

70
Q

What is the order of tissue growth in an embryo?

A

CNS
Bone
Muscle
Fat

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 (54 decks)

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