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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 > Intro To Animal Handling / Husbandry > Flashcards

Intro To Animal Handling / Husbandry Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What system uses a scale of 0-2 to rate horse discomfort and tension?

A

Horse Grimace Scale system

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2
Q

What is an animal flight zone?

A

The area surrounding animal which when intruded, causes alarm and escape behaviour

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3
Q

Where are blind spots on large animals?

A

Back end (tail)

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4
Q

What is an animals point of balance?

A

Point on animal which handler can pass to move animal in opposite direction

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5
Q

Where is an animals point of balance usually located?

A

Shoulder

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6
Q

What is animal husbandry?

A

The breeding, rearing and care of domestic animals

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7
Q

What is biosecurity?

A

Preventing the transfer of pathogens between two locations

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8
Q

What are fomites?

A

Objects/materials which are likely to carry infection

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9
Q

Why are routine management procedures done?

A

Convenience

Handling

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10
Q

What is stock density?

A

The density of animals in an enclosure

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11
Q

Why are piglet teeth clipped?

A

To stop chewing mothers tweets

To stop tail biting

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12
Q

Why are sheep tails docked?

A

To prevent accumulation of faecal matter and infection

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13
Q

What are stereotypic behaviours?

A

Unusual animal behaviour

May or may not be harmful

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14
Q

What fraction of animals are obese?

A

1/4 cats

1/3 dogs

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15
Q

What 4 ways are used to assess the husbandry system?

A

Analyse records
Evaluation of resources
Animal assessments
People assessments

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16
Q

What is a sub clinical disease?

A

A disease which has few or no recognisable symptoms

Asymptomatic

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17
Q

What is biosecurity?

A

Preventing the transfer of pathogens between locations

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18
Q

What are routine management procedures?

A

Procedures done for convenience and handling

E.g. castration, spaying, tail docking

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19
Q

What are stereotypical behaviours?

A

Unusual animal behaviours which may or may not be harmful

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20
Q

What is the stack effect? What does it remove? How does this work?

A

Ventilation for buildings to replenish oxygen and remove CO2, NH3, moisture and pathogens
Pressure causes air drawn in through in inlets and out through outlets
Animals heat up air to cause convection currents

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21
Q

What is Yorkshire space boarding? How efficient?

A

Gaps between boards

Not that efficient as air is concentrated in one area

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22
Q

How can you assess ventilation?

A

Smoke test
Smells of urine/ammonia
Drafts
Animal behaviour

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23
Q

What is somatic cell count?

A

The number of WBCs in cows milk

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24
Q

What are the 4 methods of heat transfer?

A

Convection, conduction, radiation, evaporation

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25
What is sensible/insensible heat loss?
Sensible - increases temperature of surrounding air | Insensible - doesn’t increase temp of surrounding air
26
What does endothermic mean?
Heat generated within the body
27
What does ectothermic mean?
Core body T influenced by surroundings
28
What is homeothermic?
Core body temperature remains roughly constant
29
What is poikilothermic?
Body temperature varies dramatically
30
Where is the core body temperature measured?
Brain Thorax Abdomen
31
What is the thermoneutral zone?
Range of temperatures where animal does not need to do anything to maintain body T Efficient for growth and production
32
If drastically outside of the thermonetural zone, body mechanisms stop working. What is this called?
Hypo/hyperthermia
33
What is the upper/lower critical temperatures?
One above or below this, an animal must do something to keep body T in thermoneutral zone Under LCT - cold stress. Above UCT - heat stress
34
Which animals are prone to heat stress and why?
Lactating cows Metabolically demanding Hey produced as byproduct
35
Describe the LCT and TNZ of neonates and explain why this is
High LCT Narrow TNZ less body tissue and muscle
36
Why are neonates more likely to get hypothermia?
``` Born in fluid Unsure how to seek shelter High energy demand as growing Weak immune systems No brown fat (pigs) Large surface area - proportion of head ```
37
How do neonates cope with their high LCT?
Drink colostrum Increase metabolic rate and therefore heat production Brown fat
38
What do animals do when too hot?
``` Pant Vasodilate Go to shade Lick fur Increase SA Malt Decrease food activity Piloerection ```
39
What do animals do when too cold?
``` Vasoconstrict Shiver (simultaneous contraction of antagonistic muscles) Huddling Brown fat Increase food and activity Antifreeze protein in blood ```
40
What are the consequences of poor husbandry
Zoonoses, disease, malnutrition, lack of 5 freedoms, low productivity, financial loss, environmental damage, prosecution
41
Why do we need food?
maintain and build cells, metabolism , growth, reproduction, location, physiological processes, muscle contraction
42
What are the 6 classes of food?
``` Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Water Vitamins Inorganic elements ```
43
What has agriculture expansion led to?
Decreased habitats, biodiversity | Gases, carbon emission (1/3 of worlds greenhouse gases)
44
What has agriculture intensification lead to?
Increased pesticides Immigration Eutrophication
45
How are greenhouse gases emitted by agriculture?
Deforestation Methane from livestock Nitrous oxides from fertilisers Rice cultivation
46
What are the body weight targets for puberty and mating?
50% puberty | 65% mating
47
What are the 3 types of moncultures?
Grass mono cultures - cattle/sheep grazing Arable crop monocultures - crops, no grazing animals Mixed farming - arable and grazing
48
What is stratification?
Using different breed characteristics for different climates and husbandry types
49
What are the output costs of farming?
Animal sales, replacements, premiums
50
What are the variable costs of farming?
feeding, bedding, forage, vets, fertilisers, transport
51
What are fixed costs of farming?
Rent/interest, utilities, staff
52
What is the equation for gross margin of farming?
Output - variable cost
53
What shape is the growth curve of life?
Sigmoid also
54
What is yield feeding?
Feeding animal more during peak milk yield
55
What is lead feeding?
Feeding an animal more prior to increased milk yield
56
What is hyperplasia?
Increased size of organ tissue due to increased cell production and therefore more cells
57
What is hypertrophy?
Increased volume of tissues/organs due to increased size of cell components
58
What are positive and negative energy balances?
``` + = energy required < energy provided. Leads to anabolism - = energy required > energy provided. Leads to catabolism ```
59
What is gross energy?
The energy of a food sample when dried and measure by a calorimeter
60
What is digestible energy?
Gross energy - energy lost via faeces
61
What is metabolisable energy?
Gross energy - (energy lost from faeces and urine)
62
What is net energy?
Gross energy - (energy lost from heat, faeces and urine)
63
Why is digestible energy inaccurate?
Assumes all nutrients are absorbed and that all faeces are waste products only
64
What is basal metabolic rate?
The energy needed to keep an animal alive with no movement
65
What is fasting metabolic rate?
The energy needed to keep an animal alive and moving
66
What is maintenance metabolic rate?
The energy needed for an animal to maintain a constant body mass
67
Why do younger animals have a higher metabolic rate?
They are more active
68
What are precocial species? How long is their gestation? How many offspring?
Species which can open their eyes, move and control their body T straight after birth Long gestation 1 offspring
69
What are altricial species? How long is their gestation? How many offspring are there?
Species which rely on mother when born- cannot open eyes, move or control body temperatures Short gestation Large litter
70
What is the order of tissue growth in an embryo?
CNS Bone Muscle Fat

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 (54 decks)

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