ID 1

Question 1

What is ecology

Answer 1

Relationship with surroundings

Question 2

What is physiology?

Answer 2

How something functions

Question 3

What are the 2 types of prokarytoes?

Answer 3

Bacteria

Archaea (extremophiles, more like eukaryotes)

Question 4

How many species of bacteria are there? How many cause disease?

Answer 4

200 million

2 thousand

Question 5

What are Cyanobacteria?

Answer 5

Photosynthetic type of bacteria

Question 6

What is a strain?

Answer 6

A genetic variant of a species

Question 7

What is a commensal organism?

Answer 7

Organism which lives off another’s food/nutrients, but has no affect on the other
Like mutualistic relationship but only one organism benefits

Question 8

How do bacteria communicate?

Answer 8

Quorum sensing

Bacteria detect and produce small molecules which enable them to determine the number of cells present

Question 9

Describe the Ballicus genus

Answer 9

Gram positive
Aerobic
Spore forming
Can be extremophiles

Question 10

What are 3 species of ballicus and what do they cause?

Answer 10

B. Anthracis - anthrax (lungs/skin/intestines)
B. Cereus - gastroenteritis
B. Thuringienesis - attack insect larvae

Question 11

What are spores?

Answer 11

Unit of sexual/asesual reproduction

Adapted to help dispersal and survival in unfavourable conditions

Question 12

What is a bacteriophage?

Answer 12

A virus that infects bacteria and archaea

Question 13

What are the 2 types of viral replication?

Answer 13

Lytic cycle

Lytogenic cycle

Question 14

What is the function of normal flora? How can they sometimes be harmful?

Answer 14

Prevent overgrowth of some bacteria and pathogens

React with sugar in diet to produce excess acid and damage teeth

Question 15

What is virulence?

Answer 15

The degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host

Question 16

What are the 4 growth phases for bacteria and what happens at each?

Answer 16

1. Lag phase - after inoculation/vaccine
2. Exponential growth - binary fission
3. Stationary phase - nutrients deplete and waste products accumulate
4. Decline phase - old then young bacteria die

Question 17

What are 4 methods for bacterial enumeration? (establishing the number of)

Answer 17

Microscopic counting grid
Colony counting
Turbidity (cloudiness of fluid)
Opacity (non transparent areas)

Question 18

What do bacteria require to grow?

Answer 18

Carbon
Nitrogen
Minerals

Question 19

What are they 2 types of feeders and which is most common?

Answer 19

Autotroph - synthesise own food

Heterotroph - feed off organic compounds of others, most common

Question 20

What are the 3 temperature classes that bacteria can be sorted into?

Answer 20

Psychrophilic - 15
Mesophilic - 20-45
Thermophilic - 60

Question 21

What are the types of bacteria based on oxygen requirements?

Answer 21

Aerobes
Anaerobes
Microaerobes

Question 22

What are the subtypes of anaerobes?

Answer 22

Obligate - killed by O2
Aerotolerant - not killed but don’t use it
Facultative - can grow with or without

Question 23

What are the 3 ways bacteria respond to deficiency

Answer 23

Extracelluar molecules collect nutrients
Semi-starvation phase - smaller, slower met rate
Sporulation and resting cells

Question 24

What are the types of culture mediums?

Answer 24

Defined (known composition)
Complex (exact unknown composition)
Differential (differentiate between microbes)
Selective (limit other microbe growth)

Question 25

Why might microorganisms be preserved?

Answer 25

Vaccination Testing Research

Question 26

How are bacteria preserved?

Answer 26

Liquid nitrogen | Freezing

Question 27

What is a disinfectant?

Answer 27

Used to kill microbes on an inanimate object

Question 28

What is a antiseptic?

Answer 28

Used to kill microbes on living tissue

Question 29

What is a bacteriostatic?

Answer 29

Inhibits binary fission

Question 30

What are physical methods of bacterial inactivation? (Damage/slow enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids and membranes)

Answer 30

Freezing Boiling ( moist, autoclave, 121.5 for 15, dry flame) Refrigerate Vacuum (aerobes only) Pasteurisation (flash or UHT for 1 second)

Question 31

Why is gamma/ionising radiation not used for inactivation with humans? Why not UV?

Answer 31

Carcinogenic | Damages skin

Question 32

What are chemical methods of inactivation

Answer 32

``` Sulfur dioxide Alcohol (not endospores or naked viruses) Increase osmotic pressure Halogens Phenols Metals ```

Question 33

What are naked viruses?

Answer 33

Viruses with no envelope

Question 34

What are most resistant to inactivation?

Answer 34

Spores | Prions

Question 35

How does bacterial DNA replicate?

Answer 35

Semi conservative replication 5’-3’ By DNA polymerase

Question 36

Describe the structure of a bacterial genome?

Answer 36

A single, circular

Question 37

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein synthesis?

Answer 37

Eukaryotic takes place in ribosomes and cytoplasm, prokaryotic just in ribosomes so translation/scription almost simultaneous No intron removal in prokaryotic

Question 38

What are examples of bacterial molecules?

Answer 38

``` Chromosomes Ribosomal rna Cell surface proteins Toxins Virulence factors ```

Question 39

What is needed for PCR?

Answer 39

Genomic DNA Polymerase Primer (short sequence of nucleic acid) Buffer

Question 40

Describe the process of PCR?

Answer 40

Mix heated to 90 degrees to seperate DNA strands Cooled to 30 degrees to allow primers to anneal Heat to 60/70 degrees to join new strands Repeat

Question 41

What is DNA sequencing?

Answer 41

Determining the order of nucleotides in DNA

Question 42

What are the 2 methods for DNA sequencing?

Answer 42

Maxam Gilbert - enzyme cleavage after certain base, radioactive, uses x ray Sanger - chain termination after certain base, easy but requires PCR, no longer used for whole genomes

Question 43

What is genetic typing or genotyping?

Answer 43

Comparing differences in 2 individuals genotype