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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are viruses?

A

Small, intracellular obligate parasites

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2
Q

WHat shape can viruses be?

A

Helical or icosahedrons

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3
Q

What are 2 examples of current viruses?

A

Rabies

Ebola

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4
Q

Viruses are classified by the Baltimore classification system. How are they classified?

A

morphology
Genome
Ecology

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5
Q

Viral genomes can be linear or segmented, single or double stranded, positive sense or negative sense. What is positive and negative sense?

A

Positive sense - viral strand directly codes for protein

Negative sense - viral strand is complimentary code for a protein

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6
Q

What 2 viruses have been eradicated worldwide and who did they affect?

A

Smallpox- people

Rinderpest - ruminants

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7
Q

How are viral infections controlled?

A

Biosecurity
Vaccination
Antimicrobial

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8
Q

How can viruses enter the body?

A 
Ingestion
Inhalationn
Injection
Through skin (trauma, bite, arthropod)
Via mucosal membrane (oral/respiratory/reproductive)
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9
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Cross mucosal barriers via blood
Identify and enter target cell
Replicate
Leave

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10
Q

What is viraemia?

A

Viruses enter blood from lymph nodes and spread rapidly

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of viraemia?

A

Primary - early infection, low level, few target cells

Secondary - large scale infection

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12
Q

How do viruses replicate and infect others?

A 
Uncoat genome
Positive/negative genome integration
Genome replication
Protein production
Virus assembly and leave
Transmission via saliva/faeces/respiratory
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13
Q

Why can viruses mutate rapidly?

A

No proofreading during DNA/RNA reproduction, unlike other cells. Make mistakes
Genomic integration - viruses integrate their genes into host, when host cells replicate, also replicates the virus

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14
Q

What is viral immunotolerance? Why do viruses do this?

A

Lack of immune response to antigen

Optimal virulence to increase transmission

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15
Q

Viruses involved with gastrointestinal disease enter the body through the oral route. What do they need to survive before they become infectious?

A

Immune response
Stomach acid
Bile

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16
Q

Why do viral GI diseases cause vomiting diarrhoea?

A

Aim to spread

17
Q

What are examples of viral enteritis?

A 
Norovirus
Pestivirus
Coronavirus
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
Rotavirus
Canine/feline parvovirus
18
Q

What is norovirus the main cause of?

A

Diarrhoea in humans

19
Q

What are pestiviruses?

A

Type of flaviviridae

E.g. bovine viral diarrhoea

20
Q

What species do coronaviruses affect? What type of nucleic acids do they have

A

Porcine, bovine, feline

Sense RNA

21
Q

Which species gets the highly infectious transmissible gastroenteritis virus? How are they protected?

A

Pigs

Through milk

22
Q

Rotavirus is common in which animals?

A

Young - vaccinate dams to prevent passing to offspring

23
Q

Rotarovirus infectivity is increase by which enzyme? How?

A

Trypsin

Releases infectious proteins

24
Q

What type of nucleic acid is in feline/ canine parvovirus? It is highly infectious, which cells does it invade?

A

DNA

Rapidly dividing cells

25
Q

What is interferon? What does it do?What can it be used to treat?

A

Signalling protein released as part of the innate immune response
Reduce viral replication
CPV/FPV

26
Q

Which 3 viruses are involved with respiratory disease?

A

Orthomyxovirus (influenza)
Infectious bronchitis virus
Feline calicivirus and herpes virus

27
Q

Describe equine influenza

A 
Caused by orthomyxovirus
S - nasal discharge, caugh 
Can be fatal
Vaccines require regular updates
Can be passed to dogs
28
Q

Describe avian influenza

A

Between birds, can pass to cats
By orthomyxovirus
Replicates in GI/respiratory tract but is systemic

29
Q

What causes genetic drift?

A

Mutations

30
Q

What causes genetic shift? - radical viral changes

A

Reassortment (process where influenza viruses swap gene segments)

31
Q

What is DIVA?

A

Differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals

32
Q

How do you DIVA?

A

IBR marker vaccine

Vaccine contains only certain antibodies

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 1 (54 decks)

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