cardiovascular system

Question 1

what is the name of the section at the top/bottom of heart?

Answer 1

top=apex
bottom=base

Question 2

what is the thoracic cavity and the mediastinum?

Answer 2

thoracic cavity= space that holds all the organs in the chest
mediastinum= central area where the lungs and heart is at

Question 3

define the pericardium and its function

Answer 3

the membrane that surrounds the heart

function:
- keeps the heart in place
-limits its motion during contractions

Question 4

what 2 main layers does the pericardium consist of and locate them?

Answer 4

1. fibrous = outer
2. serous = inner

Question 5

within the serous layer what are the 2 layers and whats their differences?

Answer 5

1. parietal = lines the fibrous layer
2. visceral = covers the heart surface

Question 6

what does the fluid between the fibrous and serous layer prevent?

Answer 6

friction between two membrane as the heart contracts

Question 7

what is pericarditis?

Answer 7

inflammation of pericardium (membrane around the heart)

Question 8

name all 3 layers of the heart wall

Answer 8

epicardium= inner layer=smooth surface
endocardium= outer=smooth surfaces
myocardium=middle= build-up of cardiac muscle cells

Question 9

name all 4 chambers of the heart and their function

Answer 9

Right atrium= receives deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery

left atrium=recives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein

right ventricle=pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary trunk/artery

left ventricle= pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta

Question 10

what is the funciton of heart valves?

Answer 10

prevent backflow of blood

Question 11

name the valves on the atrioventricular valves

Answer 11

right side of heart= mitral bicuspid valve
left side= tricuspid valve

Question 12

what do semilunar valves consist of?

Answer 12

• aortic valves
  -pulmonary valves

Question 13

Outline the route of blood flow starting with the return of deoxygenated blood to the right atrium by including relevant heart chambers, heart valves and blood vessels.

Answer 13

deoxygenated (RIGHT TO THE LUNGS)
SVC/IVC
RA
TV
RV
PV
PA
in pulmonary capillaries blood lose c02 and gain 02

oxygenated ( LUNGS TO BODY)
PV
MA
RV
LV
AV
A

blood lose 02 and gain c02

Question 14

what are the 3 main circulatory parts and locate them?

Answer 14

coronary= heart
systemic = body
pulmonary=lungs

Question 15

which side of the heart is the pump for systemic circulation and explain?

Answer 15

left, pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to body

Question 16

which side of the heart is the pump for pulmonary circulation and explain?

Answer 16

right, receives deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for oxygenation

Question 17

which circulation provides blood flow for the myocardium?

Answer 17

coronary circulation

Question 18

what does the coronary circulation remove and deliver from the body to the myocardium?

Answer 18

• delivers 02 and nutrients
• removes waste and c02

Question 18

in muscle cells what are sarcolemmas?

Answer 18

muscle fibre membrane that protects and supports

Question 19

describe how sarcomeres shorten in muscle cells in terms of action potential and contractions within the conduction system.

Answer 19

-the conduction system starts AP
-AP travels along the sarcomeres membrane of the cardiac cells
-during contractions, thin filaments slide pass thick filaments of sacromeres
-this shortens them

Question 20

what are the 5 main sections of the conduction system in order and their use?

Answer 20

-SA node=hearts natural pacemaker
-AV node= delays signal to allow atria to fully contract
-Bundle of His=conducts signal from AV to ventricles
-R/L Branch bundles= deliver impulse to ventricels
- Purkinje Fibres = quickly sends signals through ventricles causing contraction

Question 21

cardiac cells are autorhythmic.what does this mean? and where are they located?

Answer 21

autorhymic cells make their own electrical impulses and coordinate a sequence of contractions

located in SA/AV nodes

Question 22

describe each event that takes place in an ECG

Answer 22

P wave= depolarisation of atria
QRS complex=depolarisation of ventricles
T wave=reploarisation of the ventricle
PQ wave=time it takes for atria to contract and when to relax
QT wave=time it takes for ventricles to contract and when to relax

Question 23

what 2 processes does the the cardiac cycle consist of? and define them.

Answer 23

systole (contraction)= heart contracts and pumps blood to arteries
diastole (relaxation)= heart relaxes and fills blood from the veins

Question 24

with heart sounds, what causes the ‘lub’ and ‘dup’ sounds?

Answer 24

1. ‘Lub’= blood turbulence, tricuspid and bicuspid valves closing
2. ‘Dub’= blood turbulence, pulmonary and aortic valves closing

Question 25

define cardiac output and its formula?

Answer 25

amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle

heart rate x stroke volume (70ml)

Question 26

what 2 things are affected by venous return?

Answer 26

muscle contraction
blood volume

Question 27

what are the 2 types of heart rate variations?

Answer 27

tachycardia= HB> 100bpm. (abnormal)

bradycardia= HB<60bpm

Question 28

what are the 3 layers of artery wall and give examples of types of blood vessels?

Answer 28

• tunica externa
  -tunica media
  -tunica interna

examples:
artery
capillaries
vein

Question 29

whats the main difference in terms of blood flow between a vein and an artery?

Answer 29

the vein carries blood towards the heart (deoxygenated blood)

an artery carries blood away from the heart (oxygenated blood)

Question 30

what is the function of an artery?

Answer 30

carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Question 31

what is the route of an artery starting from the aorta

Answer 31

aorta-arteries-arterioles-capillaries

Question 32

define arterial blood pressure

Answer 32

pressure on the inner walls of artery ( tunica interna) when left ventricle undergoes systole and diastole

Question 33

what are the 3 types of blood pressure?

Answer 33

hypotension=low arterial BP
hypertension= high BP
orthostatic hypertension= decrease in BP upon standing (lead to dizziness)

Question 34

what does MAP stand for and state its formula

Answer 34

Mean arterial pressure, is the average blood pressure in systemic arteries

1/3 pulse pressure + diastolic pressure

pulse pressure= systolic - diastolic