Cell Biology Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What is the basic unit of matter
A
atoms
2
Q
atoms are made up of
A
protons and neutrons
3
Q
Where are electrons found
A
Shells around the nucleus
4
Q
What makes up the nucleus
A
protons and neutrons
5
Q
Ions
A
Atoms that have gained or lost electrons
6
Q
Ionic bonds
A
bonds between oppositely charged ions
7
Q
Covalent bonds
A
Bonds that form when atoms share electrons
8
Q
How do cells remain alive
A
By controlling chemical reactions
9
Q
Metabolism
A
Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
10
Q
Decomposition
A
Breakdown from larger to smaller molecules
11
Q
synthesis
A
production of larger molecules from smaller ones
12
Q
Redox
A
involves transfer of electrons from one molecule to another
13
Q
What are the 2 classes of energy
A
- Potential 2. Kinetic
14
Q
Potential energy
A
stored energy
15
Q
Kinetic energy
A
energy of motion
16
Q
What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration
A
- Glycolysis 2. Intermediate stage 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron transport chain
17
Q
What is the cells energy currency
A
ATP
18
Q
What releases the energy in ATP
A
breaking of phosphate bonds
19
Q
Where does glycolysis occur
A
cytosol
20
Q
Where do the other 3 stages of cellular respiration occur
A
mitochondria
21
Q
Is oxygen required for glycolysis
A
no
22
Q
In glycolysis glucose is broken down to create
A
pyruvate
23
Q
In intermediate stage pyruvate is broken down to create
A
acetyl CoA
24
Q
In the citric acid cycle acetyl CoA is brown down to create
A
NADH and FADH2
25
In the electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 are broken down to create
30 ATP
26
Organic macromolecules
carbon hydrogen backbone
27
What are the 4 major categories of organic molecules
1. Carboyhydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4 Nucleic Acids
28
Carbohydrates
Energy
29
Lipids
Energy and Structure
30
Proteins
Many functions and made based on directions provided in DNA
31
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA allow for direct protein synthesis
32
What is the basic functional unit of the body
Cell
33
What are the 2 major types of cells
1. Somatic 2. Gametes
34
Somatic Cells
All other cells than reproductive cells
35
What are the 3 common components of most cells
1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus
36
The plasma membrane consists of what 3 things
1. Lipids 2. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates
37
What lipids are in the PM
Phospholipids and Cholesterol
38
What proteins are in the PM
Intergral and Peripheral
39
Integral proteins
span across entire membrane
40
Peripheral membranes
only on one side
41
Cholesterol in the PM
stabilizes the bilayer
42
Integral proteins allow
substances to move through the PM
43
Passive transport includes what two processes
1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis
44
Active transport includes what two processes
1. Primary active transport 2. Vesicular transport
45
Diffusion moves
solutes
46
Osmosis moves
water
47
Simple diffusion
movement of small and non-polar molecules down their concentration gradient by passing through the lipid bilayer
48
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of ions or polar molecules down their concentration that requires the assistance of channels or carriers
49
When does osmosis occur
when water can move but solutes cannot
50
In osmosis concentration is balanced but
volumes are changed
51
Hypertonic
Water moves out cell shrinks/ erenates
52
Hypertonic solutions have more
solute concentration
53
Isotonic
equal solution
54
Hypotonic
water moves in and cells swell
55
Hypotonic solutions have more
water
56
Active transport requires
ATP
57
With active transport solutes move ____ the concentration gradient
Up
58
What are the 2 types of active transport
1. Primary active transport 2. Vesicular transport
59
Primary active transport uses
a protein pump
60
What is an example of a protein pump
Sodium potassium pump
61
Sodium potassium pumps move ___ sodium ___ the cell
3 sodium outside the cell
62
Sodium potassium pumps move _____ potassium _____ the cell
2 potassium inside the cell
63
Sodium potassium pumps required ______ ATP
1
64
What active transport process is used to move large items into or outside of the cell
Vesicular transport/ bulk transport
65
Vesicular transport moves items via
vesicles
66
Movement out of the cell
exocytosis
67
Movement into the cell
endocytosis
68
Engulfment of solid particles
Phagocytosis
69
Engulfment of liquid particles
Pinocytosis
70
Resting membrane potential
Difference in ion concentration across the plasma membrane creates a difference in charge across the plasma membrane
71
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes and has a role in protein production/ folding
72
Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis/ metabolism
73
Golgi apparatus
Sort, modify, and package proteins
74
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
breakdown of wastes/ detoxification
75
Mitochondria
Carry out aerobic cellular respiration
76
Ribosomes
Protein production
77
Cytoskeleton
Cell structure aid in cellular movement
78
Proteasomes
Degrade unneeded or damaged proteins
79
Centrosomes/ centrioles
Role in cell division
80
What are the 4 Non-membrane-bound organelles
1. Ribosomes 2. Cytoskeleton 3. Centrosomes 4. Proteasomes
81
Hair like projections from cell surface that move substances along cell surface
Cilia
82
Whip-like tail
Flagella
83
Densely packed extension of PM surface that increase surface area for absorption
Microvilli
84
What is the largest structure in the cell
Nucleus
85
The nucleus is enclosed in a _______
double phospholipid membrane
86
What is the double phospholipid membrane of the nucleus called
nuclear envelope
87
What is the site of ribosome production in the nucleus
Nucleolus
88
What are the building blocks of DNA
nucleotides
89
What is the function of the nucleus
Direct cellular activity and protein synthesis
90
DNA in non-dividing cells
chromatin
91
DNA in a dividing cell
chromosomes
92
What are nucleotides composed of
sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
93
Segments of DNA that provide the instructions for the synthesis of proteins
Genes
94
Genes provide the instructions for the synthesis of specific
Proteins
95
What carries out protein synthesis and where
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm
96
What are the 2 major phases of protein synthesis
1. Transcription 2. Translation
97
Transcription
DNA is split by RNA polymerase which makes mRNA
98
Translation
Ribosome reads mRNA and protein is assembled based on those directions
99
_____ cells undergo mitosis
Somatic
100
What are the two major phases of the cell cycle
1. Interphase 2. Mitosis
101
How long does interphase last
23 hours
102
How long does mitosis last
1 hour
103
What does the cell cycle produce
2 identical daughter cells
104
What are 3 purposes of cell division
1. Growth 2. Maintenance 3. Repair
105
What are the 3 sub-phases of interphase
1. G1 phase 2. S phase 3. G2 phase
106
G1 phase
growth and production of new organelles
107
S phase
DNA is replicated
108
G2 phase
centriole replication completed
109
What is the division of the nucleus
Mitosis
110
What are the 4 sub-phases of mitosis
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase
