Respiratory system Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Respiration is gas exchange of what 2 gases
A
O2 and CO2
2
Q
Cells need ______ for areobic ATP production and must dispose of ______ that is produced as a result
A
oxygen for areobic ATP production and must dipose of CO2 that is produced as a result
3
Q
The respiratory system consists of respiratory passageways in what 4 places
A
- Head 2. Neck 3. Trunk 4 Lungs
4
Q
What are the 6 functions of the respiratory system
A
- Air distribution 2. Gas exchange 3. Protection 4. Production of sound 5. Detection of odors 6. Regulation of blood pH
5
Q
What are the 2 stuctural organizations of the respiratory system
A
- Upper respiratory tract 2. Lower respiratory tract
6
Q
what are the 2 functional organizations of the respiratory system
A
- Conducting zone 2. Respiratory zone
7
Q
Structures that transport air (no gas exchange)
A
Conducting zone
8
Q
Structures where gas exchange actively occurs
A
Respiratory zone
9
Q
The upper and lower tract split before
A
the trachea
10
Q
Includes everything from the nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
A
Conducting zone
11
Q
Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolarducts, and alveoli
A
Respiratory zone
12
Q
From top to bottom the epithelium of the respiratory system
A
gets thinner
13
Q
What is the lining of the respiratory tract known as
A
Respiratory mucosa
14
Q
Tissue that lines the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharnx, trachea, inferior portion of larynx, main bronchi, and lobar bronchi
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
15
Q
Tissue that forms both the alveolar ducts and alveoli
A
Simple squamous epithelium
16
Q
What is the first conducting structure for inhaled air
A
nose and nasal cavity
17
Q
Nasal cavity is formed by what 4 things
A
- Bone 2. Cartilage 3. Dense irregular CT and skin
18
Q
What divides the nasal cavities
A
nasal septum
19
Q
What structures in the nose produce turbulance
A
nasal conchae/ turbinates
20
Q
What is the purpose of nasal conchae
A
produce turbulence to slow flow of air and condition as it enters the body
21
Q
What does the roof of the nasal cavity contain
A
olfactory region
22
Q
The paranasal sinuses are
A
open spaces in the skulls
23
Q
The paranasal sinuses are all interconnected by
A
ducts to the nasal cavity
24
Q
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses
A
- Frontal 2. Maxillary 3. Sphenoid 4. Ethmoid
25
What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses
1. Condition air 2. Resonate sound 3. Lighten skull
26
The paranasal sinuses are lined with
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
27
The nasal cavity is lined with
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
28
What are the 3 portions of the Pharynx
1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharnx
29
superior portion of the pharynx lined with PS columnar epithelium
Nasopharynx
30
The nasopharynx only serves as
a passageway for air
31
The nasopharynx connects to middle ear via
auditory tube
32
The nasopharynx contains
tonsils
33
Middle region of the pharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Oropharynx
34
The oropharynx is a passageway for
air and food
35
Inferior region of the pharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
36
The laryngopharynx is a passageway for
air and food
37
The larynx is also known as
The voicebox
38
What are 3 cartilages in the larynx
1. epiglottis 2. Thyroid cartilage 3. Cricoid cartilage
39
Where is the larynx located
between the laryngopharyx and trachea
40
What are 2 important functions of the larynx
1. Prevents passage of food/ liquid into lungs 2. Produces vocal sounds
41
What structure in the larynx stops food and liquid
epiglotis
42
What structure in the laynx produces vocals sounds
vocal folds
43
The trachea is also called the
wind pipe
44
The trachea spans from
larynx to main bronchi
45
The trachea is anterior to the
esophagus
46
The anterior walls of the trachea are supported by
c-shaped cartilaginous rings
47
What is the function of the trachea
passageway for air
48
The bronchial tree is a system of
highly branched air passages
49
Where does the bronchial tree originate
Carina of trachea
50
What are the 3 main branchings of brachial tubes largest to smallest
1. primary main bronchi 2. secondary/ lobar bronhi 3. tertiary/ segmental bronchi
51
After much more branching segmental bronchi eventually become
Bronchioles
52
Bronchioles branch into what 4 things
1. terminal bronchioles 2. respiratory bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. alveoli
53
Conduction zone ends at the
terminal bronchioles
54
Trachea splits into
right and left main bronchi
55
What is the surface where right and left main bronchi enter a lung
hilum
56
Histology of the bronchial tree changes as
the branches get smaller
57
Larger bronchi contain more
Hyaline cartilage
58
Bronchiole walls are dominated by
smooth muscle tissue
59
Contraction of bronchioles leads to
bronchoconstriction which narrows the air ways and decreases air flow
60
Relaxation of bronchioles leads to
bronchodilatioin which opens/ dilates the airways to increase airflow
61
The respiratory zone includes the
respiratory bronchioles which branch into alveolar ducts
62
alveolar ducts then terminate into
alveoli
63
Respiratory bronchioles are linned with
simple cuboidal epithelium
64
Alveolar ducts and alveoli are lined with
simple squamous epithelium
65
Why are alveolar ducts and alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelim
better facilitate gas exchange
66
Each lung contains how many alveoli
about 250 million
67
The alveoli are surrounded by
pulmonary capilaries
68
What substance reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse
Surfactant
69
Alveoli also contain
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
70
Alveoli are the location where what 2 things happen
1. Alveolar gas exchange 2. Systemic respiration
71
O2 from alveoli moves into _______ during alveolar gas exchange
pulmonary capillaries
72
CO2 from pulmonary capillaries moves into ______ during alveolar gas exchange
alveoli
73
Occurs when gases are exchanged between sytemic capillary blood and interstitial fluid around body cells
systemic gas exchange/ internal respiration
74
Lungs are in the ______ on either side of the _______
thorax on either side of the mediastinum
75
The lungs house
the bronchial tree and all respiratory structures
76
What is the pointed superior region of the lungs called
apex
77
The wide base of the lungs sits atop the
diaphragm
78
Indented medial region of lungs where bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonomic nerves and lymph vessels pass through
hilum
79
Develops from infection/ inflammation of lobules of lungs
Pneumonia
80
Pneumonia causes
fluid to accumulate in alveoli
81
During Pneumonia respiratory bronchioles swell and
restrict airflow
82
Pneumonia is more likely to develop when
respiratory defenses are already compromised
83
The right lung has how many lobes
3
84
The left lung has how many lobes
2
85
The pleura is a
serous membrane that provides lubrication for movement
86
What are the 2 layers of the pleura
1. Visceral pleura 2. Parietal pleura
87
Layer that adheres to lungs surface
Visceral pleura
88
Layer that lines internal thoracic walls, lateral mediastinum, and superior surface of diaphragm
Parietal pleura
89
What is the fluid-filled space between the visceral and parietal layers of membrane
Pleural cavity
90
Pressure inside lungs/ alveoli
Intrapulmonary pressure
91
Intrapulmonary pressure is approximately
equal to atmospheric pressure
92
pressure inside the pleural cavity
Intrapleural pressure
93
Intrapleural pressure is
lower than intrapulmonary pressure which makes the lungs cling to chest wall from surface tension
94
Introduction of air into pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
95
Collapse of lung
Atelectasis
96
Physical movement of air into/ out of lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
97
what are the two cyclic phases of pulmonary ventilation
1. inspiration 2. Expiration
98
Taking air into the lungs
Inspiration
99
Moving air out of the lungs
Expiration
100
Quiet breathing occurs when
the body is at rest
101
Forced breathing occurs during
exertion
102
During inspiration the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
contract
103
During inspiration thoracic cavity volume
increases
104
During inspiration thoracic cavity pressure
decreases
105
During expiration diaphragm and external intercostals
relax
106
During expiration internal intercostal muscles
contract
107
During expiration thoracic cavity volume
decreases
108
during expiration thoracic cavity pressure
increases
109
According to boyle's law at constant temperature pressure and volume are
inversely related
110
Alveolar gas exchange is diffusion of gases across
the respiratory membrane
111
What is alveolar gas exchange influenced by
differences in partial pressure
112
Partial pressure of oxygen is high in ______ and low in ______
alveoli and low in pulmonary capillary blood
113
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is ______ in pulmonary capillary blood and _______ in alveoli
High in pulmonary capillary blood and low in alveoli
114
Around 98% of oxygen is transported on
hemoglobin in RBCs
115
Around 70% of carbon dioxide is transported
as bicarbonate ions
116
Systemic gas exchange is the diffusion of gases between
systemic capillaries and tissues
117
Systemic gas exchange is governed by
differences in partial pressure
118
Partial pressure of oxygen is high in ______ and low in _______ (systemic gas exchange)
capillary blood and low in tissues
119
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is relatively high in _______ and low in ______ (systemic gas exchange)
tissues and low in capillary blood
120
Respiratory centers of the brain are located in what 2 places
1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Pons
121
Respiratory centers are responsive to what 3 things
1. Chemoreceptors 2. Baroreceptors 3. Irritation of respiratory mucosa
122
Chemoreceptors especially respond to changes in _____ in blood and CSF
CO2
123
Where are the Baroreceptors involved with breathing located
aortic and carotid sinuses
124
The medulla oblongata houses what 2 groups of innervation
1. dorsal respiratory group 2. Ventral respiratory group
125
Innervates diaphragm and external intercostals ; functions in every respiratory cycle
Dorsal respiratory group
126
Innervates accessory respiratory muscles; only active during forced breathing
Ventral respiratory group
127
The pons houses what 2 signal centers
1. Apneustic center 2. Pneumotaxic center
128
Stimulates inspiratory neurons
Apneustic center
129
Sends inhibiting signals to inspiratory center of medulla
Pneumotaxic center
130
Amount of air moved in/ out of the lungs in one minute
Pulmonary ventilation
131
Amount of air inhaled / exhaled at rest
Tidal volume
132
of breaths/ minute
Respiration rate
