Digestive system Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 main functions of the digestive system
A
- Ingestion 2. Motility 3. Secretion 4. Digestion 5. Absorption 6. Defecation
2
Q
Taking nutrients into the body
A
Ingestion
3
Q
Voluntary and involuntary movement of materials
A
Motility
4
Q
Production/ release of substances
A
Secretion
5
Q
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of nutrients
A
Digestion
6
Q
Transport of nutrients into blood/lymph
A
Absorption
7
Q
Removal of wastes undigestible substances
A
Defecation
8
Q
Mechanical digestion is breakdown from
A
large to small pieces
9
Q
Chemical digestion is breakdown from
A
complex to simple molecules
10
Q
What 6 things make up the GI tract
A
- Oral cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine
11
Q
What are the 6 accessory organs of the digestive system
A
- Teeth 2. tongue 3. salivary glands 4. liver 5. Galbladder 6. Pancreas
12
Q
What are the 4 main layers of the GI tract wall (from inner most to outer most)
A
- Mucosa 2. submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa or Adventitia
13
Q
The mucosa is comprised of
A
mucosal membrane
14
Q
What is the primary tissue type of the mucosa
A
simple columnar epithelium
15
Q
The tissue of the mucosa is specialized for
A
secretion and absorption
16
Q
Some areas of the mucosa contain what tissue type
A
stratified squamous epithelium
17
Q
Why do some areas of the mucosa contain strat. squamous epi.
A
to better withstand abrasion
18
Q
What are the 5 layers of the GI tract wall
A
- Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Adventitia 5. Serosa
19
Q
The submucosa is comprised of
A
areolar connective tissue
20
Q
The submucosa layer contains what 4 things
A
- blood/ lymph vessels 2. nerves 3. glands 4. lymphatic tissues
21
Q
The muscularis consists of layers of
A
smooth muscle fibers running in different directions
22
Q
The muscularis layer is thickened in many places to form
A
sphincters
23
Q
The muscularis aids in
A
mixing and movement of food through the GI tract
24
Q
Mechanical breakdown and mixing associated with the muscularis layer
A
segmentation
25
What is the outermost layer of the GI tract wall in organs that are outside the peritoneal cavity
Adventitia
26
What is an example with an organ that would have adventitia
Esophagus
27
The adventitia is comprised of
areolar connective tissue
28
What is the outermost layer of the GI tract wall in organs that are inside the peritoneal cavity
Serosa
29
The serosa is also made of areolar connective tissue but
covered by the visceral peritoneum
30
What are the 3 serous membranes in the digestive system
1. Parietal peritoneum 2. Visceral peritoneum 3. Peritoneal cavity
31
Serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the abdominal cavity walls
Parietal peritoneum
32
Serous membranes that reflects and covers surfaces of internal organs
Visceral peritoneum
33
Fluid-filled space between the visceral and parietal layers
Peritoneal cavity
34
Inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
35
Extensions of the peritoneum that help support and attach GI tract to abdominal wall
Mesenteries
36
What are the 2 main mesenteries of the digestive system
1. Greater omentum 2. Mesentery proper
37
Mesentery that anteriorly covers most abdominal organs
Greater omentum
38
Mesentery that suspends most of the small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
Mesentery proper
39
What is the entrance to the GI tract
Oral cavity
40
What are the 2 regions of the oral cavity
1. Vestibule 2. Oral cavity proper
41
The oral cavity is primary involved with what type of digestion
mechanical digestion
42
Is the oral cavity involved with any chemical digestion
yes, some
43
How is the oral cavity involved in chemical digestion
the digestion of carbohydrates via salivary amylase
44
What is another chemical secreted with saliva other that salivary amylase
lingual lipase
45
Lingual lipase is activated in the
stomach to aid in fat break down
46
What are the 2 major regions of the tooth
1. Crown 2. Root
47
What is our first set of teeth called
baby/deciduous teeth
48
How many teeth are in the 1st set
20
49
What is our second set of teeth called
adult/permanent teeth
50
What are the 4 types of teeth
1. incisors 2. Canines 3. Premolars 4. Molars
51
How many incisors do we have
8
52
What is the primary function of incisors
biting
53
How many canines do we have
4
54
What is the primary function of canines
piercing/ tearing
55
How many premolars do we have
8
56
What is the main function of premolars and molars
grinding/ chewing
57
How many molars do we have
12
58
The salivary glands are ______ digestive structures
Accessory
59
The salivary glands are _____ glands
exocrine
60
What are the 3 sets of salivary glands
1. Parotid glands 2. Submandibular gland 3. sublingual gland
61
The pharynx is a passage for
air and food
62
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx
1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx
63
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx consist of what tissue
stratified squamous
64
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx contain skeletal muscle to aid in
deglutition (swallowing)
65
When food passes into the pharynx it is referred to as the
bolus
66
What are the 3 phases of deglutition
1. Voluntary phase 2. Pharyngeal phase 3. Esophageal phase
67
Directs bolus toward the oropharynx
Voluntary phase
68
Tactile sensory receptors in pharynx detect bolus- stimulates elevation of the soft palate and uvula and elevation of larynx
Pharyngeal phase
69
Entry of bolus into esophagus stimulates peristalsis to propel food toward stomach (esophageal sphincters relax to allow passage
Esophageal phase
70
The esophagus
collapsible tubular passageway for food
71
The point where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm
esophageal hiatus
72
Point where the food enters the stomach from the esophagus
Cardia/cardiac orifice
73
The stomach is involved in what type of digestion
both mechanical and chemical digestion
74
The stomach chemically digests proteins via _____ and lipids via ______
proteins via pepsin and lipids via lipase
75
Ingested material spends how long in the stomach
2-6
76
Does much absorption happen in the stomach
No
77
When food exits the stomach it is referred to as
chyme
78
Rapid expulsion of gastric contents through the oral cavity
Emesis (vomiting)
79
Where is the vomiting center located in the brain
the medulla oblongata
80
The vomiting center stimulates what 4 things to happen when triggered
1. increased HR 2. sweating 3. feeling of nausea 4. increased saliva production
81
After the vomiting center is stimulated what 3 things happen
1. a deep inhale 2. closing of the glottis and nasal passageways 3. contraction of abdominal muscles
82
What is the longest portion of the digestive tract
the small intestine
83
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
84
Where does most chemical digestion and absorption occur
The small intestine
85
Where are most accessory organ products secreted
The small intestine
86
What structures in the small intestine help to slow the flow of chyme
circular folds
87
What 2 things in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption
Vili and Microvili
88
Finger-like projections of mucosa
Vili
89
extensions of plasma membrane of the Vili
microvili
90
Lymphatic capillaries within vili
Lacteals
91
What absorbs lipids and lipid-soluble substances in the small intestine
lacteals
92
What is produced in the small intestine to break down carbohydrates
Brush border enzymes
93
Brush border enzymes break down _____ into ______
disaccharides/trisaccharides into monosaccharides
94
The carbs that are broken down into simple monosaccharides are
absorbed into the blood
95
Proteins are broken down into ______ in the small intestine
amino acids
96
amino acids in the small intestine are absorbed into the
blood
97
Fats are broken down into _______ in the small intestine
monglycerides to fatty acids
98
Monglycerides and fatty acids are picked up by
lacteals
99
What are the 4 lobes of the liver
1. Right lobe 2. left lobe 3. Quadrate lobe 4. Caudate lobe
100
The liver is an __________ organ of the digestive tract
accessory organ
101
What is the main function of the liver
produce and release bile into the duodenum
102
Yellow-green substance produced by the liver
Bile
103
What two substances found in bile emulsify fats
1. Bile salts 2. lecithin
104
What is the function of the gallbladder
store and concentrate bile
105
Gallstones form as a result of too much
cholesterol
106
The pancreas is an ________ organ located behind the stomach
accessory
107
The endocrine function of the pancreas is owed to
islet cells
108
Islet cells produce
insulin and glucagon
109
The exocrine function of the pancreas is owed to
acinar cells
110
Acinar cells produce
pancreatic juice
111
What are the 6 substances in pancreatic juice
1. Water 2. Bicarbonate 3. Pancreatic amylase 4. Pancreatic lipase 5. Proteases 6. Nucleases
112
Bicarbonate in pancreatic juice
neutralizes acidity of chyme
113
Pancreatic amylase in pancreatic juice aids in the digestion of
carbohydrates
114
Pancreatic lipase in pancreatic juice aids in the digestion of
lipase
115
Proteases digest
proteins
116
Nucleases digest
nucleic acids
117
What are the 4 sections of the large intestine
1. Ascending colon 2. Transverse colon 3. Descending colon 4. Sigmoid colon
118
Chyme enters the large intestine via the
illocecal valve
119
The lining of the large intestine aids in the absorption of
water and electrolytes
120
The large intestine compacts chyme into __________ which is stored until elimination occurs
feces
121
The large intestine contains indigenous microbiota who's function is
Produce vitamins and protection
122
What is the final product of the GI tract
feces
123
What are the 2 movements of the large intestine
1. Peristalsis 2. Mass movements
124
Peristalsis is
sluggish
125
The large intestine engages in mass movements
2-3 times per-day to force feces toward the rectum
126
What two Reflexes are involved in the movements of the large intestine
1. Gastocolic reflex 2. Defecation reflex
127
Reflex initiated by stomach distension that causes a mass movement
Gastrocolic reflex
128
Reflex that relaxes the internal anal sphincter
Defecation reflex
129
Nutrients consumed in large amounts
Macronutrients
130
What are the 3 macronutrients
1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Fats
131
Nutrients consumed in small amounts
Micronutrients
