Endocrine system Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Endocrine glands produce
A
hormones
2
Q
Endocrine gland’s hormones are released into the
A
blood steam where they will reach target cells
3
Q
Exocrine glands produce
A
non-hormonal substances
4
Q
The non-hormonal substances from exocrine glands are released
A
onto body surface or into body cavity via ducts
5
Q
What are the 4 general functions of the endocrine system
A
- Regulating development and growth 2. Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume 3. Controlling digestive processes 4. Controlling reproductive activity
6
Q
Too much hormone is secreted
A
Hypersecretion
7
Q
Too little hormone is secreted
A
Hyposecretion
8
Q
Most hormone secretion is controlled by
A
negative feedback
9
Q
Hormone release is regulated by
A
reflexes to stimuli
10
Q
What 3 types of stimuli initiate hormone release
A
- Hormonal 2. Humoral 3. Nervous
11
Q
Hormonal stimuli
A
release of hormone stimulates a gland to release another hormone
12
Q
Humoral stimuli
A
changes in the blood stimulate hormone release
13
Q
Nervous stimuli
A
nervous system directly stimulates hormone release
14
Q
What are the 2 categories of hormones based on chemical make-up
A
- Steroid-based hormones aka lipid-soluble hormones 2. Protein/amino acid-based hormones aka water soluble/non-steroid hormones
15
Q
What are 2 steroid-based hormones
A
- Testosterone 2. Estrogen
16
Q
What are 2 protein/amino acid-based hormones
A
- insulin 2. glucagon
17
Q
Steroid/ lipid-soluble hormone can ______ ______ target cells
A
directly enter
18
Q
Where are receptors located for steroid/lipid soluble hormone to bind to
A
inside the cell
19
Q
Non-steroid/ water-soluble hormone can ____ _____ ________ target cells
A
not directly enter
20
Q
Where are receptors located for non-steroid/ water-soluble hormone
A
outside the cell
21
Q
Binding to receptors for non-steroid hormone activates
A
“second messenger” inside cell
22
Q
A target cell’s response depends on what 2 things
A
- amount/ type of hormones binding 2. Number of receptors on target cell
23
Q
Up-regulation _____ the number of receptors
A
increases
24
Q
Up-regulation occurs when hormone levels are
A
low
25
Down-regulation ___ the number of receptors
decreases
26
Down- regulation occurs when hormone levels are
high
27
Hormones work together in
synergistic interaction
28
One hormone allows another hormone to work in
permissive interaction
29
If one hormone is missing in permissive interaction the effect is
decreased
30
Hormones have opposite effects in
antagonistic interaction
31
What are 2 synergistic interaction hormones
Testosterone and FSH
32
What are 2 permissive interaction hormones
TH and epinephrine
33
What are 2 antagonistic interaction hormones
glucagon and insulin
34
The hypothalamus has direct control over _____ and _____ over several other glands
the pituitary gland and indirect control over several other glands
35
Pituitary gland lies inferior to the
hypothalamus
36
What connects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
a stalk called the infundibulum
37
What is the pituitary gland also known as
hypophysis
38
What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland
1. Anterior lobe 2. Posterior lobe
39
What is the posterior pituitary also known as
neurohypophysis
40
What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary composed of
nervous
41
Is the posterior pituitary really a gland
No it has no glandular tissue and therefore cannot make hormones
42
What two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
43
What gland produces the 2 hormones stored in the posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
44
What are 3 functions of oxytocin
1. Stimulates uterine contractions during child birth 2. Stimulates milk release/letdown during breastfeeding 3. Role in social bonding
45
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates increased reabsorption of water by the kidneys
46
What condition can be caused by hyposecretion of ADH
Diabetes insipidus
47
What are 2 symptoms of diabetes insipidus
1. Frequent urination 2. Intense thirst
48
What is the anterior pituitary also known as
adenohypophysis
49
What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary composed of
glandular
50
The anterior pituitary produces how many hormones
6
51
What regulates the production and release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
52
What 2 regulatory hormones are produced by the hypothalamus
1. Releasing hormones 2. Inhibiting hormones
53
Releasing hormones ______ secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland
increase
54
Inhibiting hormones ________ secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland
decrease
55
What are the first 3 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
1. Andrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH 3. Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
56
What are the second 3 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
1. Luteinizing hormone LH 2. Growth hormone GH 3. Prolactin PRL
57
Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce/ secrete
thyroid hormones
58
Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the _____ to produce/ secrete
adrenal cortex to produce/secrete corticosteroids
59
What two anterior pituitary hormones are classified as gonadotropins
1. Follicle stimulating hormone 2. Luteinizing hormone
60
Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the development of
Follicles (sperm and egg)
61
In males luteinizing hormone stimulates
testosterone production in the testes
62
In females luteinizing hormone stimulates
ovulation
63
Prolactin stimulates the production of
breast milk by the mammary glands
64
Growth hormone stimulates ________ to release ______
hypatocytes (liver cells) to release insulin-like growth factor
65
Growth hormone also stimulates ______ and ______ in the liver
glycogenolysis (breaking glycogen to glucose) and gluconeogenesis (making glucose from other molecules)
66
IGF and GH together stimulate
protein synthesis and cellular growth
67
What are 3 growth hormone disorders
1. Pituitary dwarfism 2. gigantism 3. acromegaly
68
Hyposecretion of GH during childhood causes
pituitary dwarfism
69
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood causes
gigantism
70
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood causes
acromegaly
71
What 2 types of cells does the thyroid gland contain
1. follicular cells 2. parafollicular cells
72
What 2 hormones does the thyroid produce
1. Thyroid hormone 2. Calcitonin
73
What are the 2 forms of thyroid hormone
1. T3 2. T4
74
Thyroid hormone requires _____ for production
Iodine
75
What is the function of thyroid hormone
increases metabolic rate of cells
76
Hyperthyroidism is also called
graves disease
77
Hypothyroidism is also called
myxedema
78
The parathyroid glands contain what two types of cells
1. Chief cells 2. Oxyphil cells
79
Chief cells produce
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
80
Parathyroid hormone increases
blood calcium
81
What are the 2 regions of the adrenals glands
1. Adrenal cortex 2. Adrenal medulla
82
The outer region of the adrenal glands is the
adrenal cortex
83
The adrenal cortex makes ____ types of hormones
3
84
The inner region of the adrenal glands is the
adrenal medulla
85
The adrenal medulla makes _____ types of hormones
2
86
What are the 3 adrenal cortex hormones
1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Gonadocorticoids
87
Which adrenal cortex hormone regulates electrolyte/ion levels
Mineralocorticoids
88
What is one example of a mineralocorticoid
Aldosterone
89
Which adrenal cortex hormone regulates nutrient levels
Glucocorticoids
90
What is an example of a glucocorticoid
Cortisol
91
Which adrenal cortex hormone is the sex hormones
Gonadocorticoids
92
What is and example of a gonadocorticoid
Androgens
93
Aldosterone stimulates _____ reabsorption by the kidneys
Na+ (sodium)
94
What are 2 adrenal disorders
1. Cushing syndrome 2. Addison disease
95
Hypersecretion of corticosteroids causes
Cushing syndrome
96
What are 2 symptoms of Cushing syndrome
1. Obesity 2. Salt retention
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Hyposecretion of corticosteroids causes
Addison disease
98
Adrenal cortex hormones are also known as
corticosteroids
99
What are 2 symptoms of Addison disease
1. Weight loss 2. Darkening of skin
100
What 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla produce
1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine
101
What is the function of the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla
Facilitate fight or flight response
102
Where is the pancreas located
behind the stomach
103
The pancreas has both ____ and ____ functions
endocrine and exocrine functions
104
Cells in the pancreas that generate exocrine secretions for digestion
Acinar cells
105
Contain clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas
Islets of langerhans
106
What are the 2 types of endocrine cells in the pancreas
1. Alpha cells 2. Beta cells
107
Alpha cells produce what hormone
Glucagon
108
Beta cells produce what hormone
Insulin
109
Insulin _____ blood glucose levels
decreases
110
How does insulin decrease blood glucose levels
stimulates the production of glycogen in liver cells and fat so the glucose in the blood moves to those organs
111
Glucagon ______ blood glucose levels
Increases
112
How does glucagon lower blood glucose levels
stimulates the production of glucose from existing gycogen in liver cells and fat break down in adipose tissue
113
What are 2 Insulin Related disorders
1. Type 1 Diabetes 2. Type 2 diabetes
114
Type 1 diabetes causes
absent/diminished production of insulin
115
When is type 1 diabetes commonly diagnosed
childhood
116
What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes
supplemental insulin
117
Which type diabetes is more common
Type 2
118
What is type 2 diabetes caused by
decreased insulin release or insulin effectiveness
119
What is a major cause of development of type 2 diabetes
Obesity
120
Type 2 diabetes is typically diagnosed in
adulthood
121
What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes
Diet and exercise and some medications
122
What are 3 gonadal hormones
1. Testosterone 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone
123
Testosterone is produced by the male
testes
124
Estrogen and Progesterone are produced by the female
Ovaries
125
Where is the pineal gland located
diencephalon (epithalamus)
126
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
127
What is the function of melatonin
Regulate the circadian rhythm
