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General A&P > Nervous system pt.2 > Flashcards

Nervous system pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS communicates with peripheral body structures through

A

pathways

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2
Q

Pathways can either be _____ or ___

A

sensory (signals toward CNS) or motor (signals away from CNS)

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3
Q

Sensory pathways are also called

A

ascending pathways

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4
Q

Sensory pathways relay input from ____ to the ____

A

receptors to the brain

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5
Q

Sensory pathways use a series of ________ to transmit nerve signals from _____ to ____

A

2-3 neurons to transmit nerve signals from body to brain

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6
Q

Process stimuli received from receptors within skin, muscles and joints

A

Somatosensory pathways

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7
Q

Process stimuli from vicera

A

Viscrosensory pathways

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8
Q

What are the 3 somatosensory pathways

A
  1. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway 2. Spinocerebellar pathway 3. Spinothalmic pathway
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9
Q

Which somatosensory pathway detects light touch

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

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10
Q

Which somatosensory pathway deals with muscle coordination

A

spinocerebellar pathway

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11
Q

Which somatosensory pathway deals with crude touch

A

Spinothalamic pathway

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12
Q

Motor pathways are also called

A

descending pathways

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13
Q

Motor pathways originate from what 3 places

A
  1. Cerebral cortex 2. Cerebral nuclei 3. Brainstem
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14
Q

What are the primary effectors of motor pathways

A

Skeletal muscle

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15
Q

Motor pathways involve a ________ leading from brain to muscle

A

2- neuron chain

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16
Q

What is an example of a motor pathway

A

Corticospinal tract

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17
Q

What motor pathway is responsible for most voluntary muscle movement

A

Corticospinal tract

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18
Q

Involuntary, preprogrammed, rapid responses to specific stimuli

A

Reflex

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19
Q

Awareness of a reflex occurs

A

after the action is complete

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20
Q

What are the 5 classifications of reflexes

A
  1. Spinal vs. Cranial 2. Somatic vs. Visceral 3. Monosynaptic vs. Polysynaptic 4. Ipsilateral vs. contralateral 5. Innate vs. Acquired
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21
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

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22
Q

contralateral

A

different sides

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23
Q

What are the 5 components of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Interneuron 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector
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24
Q

What type of reflex involves movement in response to a painful stimulus

A

Withdrawal reflex

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25
What type of reflex is the withdrawal reflex
Spinal, somatic, ipsilateral reflex
26
What type of reflex often happens in conjunction with withdrawal reflex
crossed-extensor reflex
27
What type of reflex is crossed-extensor reflex
Spinal, somatic, contralateral reflex
28
The somatic motor division is responsible for ___ output
voluntary
29
What is the main effector of the somatic motor division
skeletal muscle
30
Autonomic motor division is responsible for _____ output
involuntary
31
What are the 3 effectors of the autonomic motor division
1. Cardiac 2. Smooth muscle 3. Glands
32
What can the autonomic motor division be subdivided into
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
33
Sympathetic division is also called
fight or flight response
34
The primary focus of the sympathetic division is
maintain homeostasis in "emergency" situations
35
The parasympathetic division is also called
Rest and Digest
36
What is the primary focus of the parasympathetic division
maintain homeostasis when body is at rest
37
Most organs of the body have dual ______ and ______ with antagonistic effects
sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
38
Some organs have only what type of innervation
sympathetic
39
What 3 organs have only Sympathetic innervation
1. Blood vessels 2. Arrector pili and sweat glands 3. Adrenal medulla
40
What is the general function of any sensory receptor
respond to stimulus and initiate sensory input to CNS
41
Converting stimulus into an electrical impulse
transduction
42
What 3 things can classify receptors
1. Distribution 2. Stimulus origin 3. Modality of stimulus
43
Receptors distributed widely throughout the body
general sense receptors
44
What is an example of a general sense receptor
touch receptors
45
Receptors found only in the head (housed inside specialized, complex sense organs)
special sense receptors
46
What is an example of special sense receptors
photoreceptors of eye
47
What are the 2 classifications of sensory receptors by distribution
1. General sense receptors 2. Special sense receptors
48
What are the 3 classifications of sensory receptors by stimulus origin
1. exterorecptors 2. interoreceptors 3. proprioceptors
49
Receptors that detect stimuli from outside of the body
exterorecptors
50
Receptors that detect stimuli from inside of the body
interorecptors
51
Receptors that detect stimuli body and limb movement
proprioceptors
52
What are the 5 classifications of sensory receptors by modality of stimulus
1. Chemoreceptors 2. Thermoreceptors 3. Photoreceptors 4. Barorecptors/mechanoreceptors 5. Nociceptors
53
Detect chemicals dissolved in liquid
chemoreceptors
54
Respond to changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
55
Respond to light
Photoreceptors
56
Respond to distortion of plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
Baroreceptors/ mechanoreceptors
57
Respond to painful stimuli
Nociceptors
58
What are the 5 special sense
1. Olfaction 2. Gustation (taste) 3. Vision 4. Hearing 5. Equilibrium
59
Olfaction is the detection of
volatile molecules
60
What type of receptors are involved in olfaction
chemoreceptors
61
In smell the input is transmitted along
Olfactory nerve/cranial nerve 1
62
Gustation is the detection of chemicals
dissolved in saliva
63
What type of receptors are involved in gustation
chemoreceptors
64
Where are the chemoreceptors for gustation housed
taste buds
65
In gustation the input is transmitted along
facial nerve/ cranial nerve 7 and glossopharyngeal nerve/ cranial nerve 9
66
What are the 5 taste sensations
1. sweet 2. salty 3. sour 4. bitter 5 umami (savory)

General A&P (23 decks)

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