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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

protooncogene

A

gene before its cancerous
RAS
mutated RAS-> 20-30% of all human cancers

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2
Q

DNA

A

double stranded helix shape
made up of nucleotides
(phosphate, nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar)

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3
Q

nucleotide

A

1 sugar
1 phosphate
1 of 4 nitrogen bases

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4
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

adenine (pairs with T)
guanine (pairs with C)
thymine (pairs with A)
cytosine (pairs with G)
held together by H-bonds

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5
Q

DNA polymerase

A

binds to promoter region
requires a primer
unwinds/unzips DNA

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6
Q

primer

A

breaks H-bonds that hold together nitrogenous pairs of the parent molecule

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7
Q

liver

A

good source of nucleotides and protein

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8
Q

semiconservative replication

A

DNA replication

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9
Q

environmental genetics

A

chemistry
sun
genetics
viruses
X-ray

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10
Q

DNA synthesis

A

5’-3’
in nucleus
addition of nucleotides is from 3’-5’ (requires energy)

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11
Q

how does DNA direct cellular activities

A

DNA->RNA->protein synthesis-> cell function

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12
Q

gene

A

segment of DNA with instructions for producing a particular protein

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13
Q

RNA

A

made from DNA
single stranded
ribose
uracil

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14
Q

gene expression

A

converting the instructions in our DNA into a functional product

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15
Q

RNA synthesis

A

nucleus to cytoplasm

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16
Q

transcription

A

DNA is transcribed into mRNA
no primer needed

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17
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that binds with DNA sequence
opens up DNA helix
aligns and links together the RNA nucleotides

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18
Q

mRNA

A

serves as this genetic blueprint for protein synthesis

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19
Q

translation

A

mRNA language is translated into protein

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20
Q

tRNA

A

link between mRNA and the AA sequence

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21
Q

rRNA

A

main comp of ribosomes

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22
Q

mutagen

A

chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes or mutations in DNA
change structure of individual nucleotides
all cells possess DNA-repair enzymes that attempt to minimize the number of mutations

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23
Q

hereditary mutations

A

changes in DNA
5-10%
can only be passed onto offspring if gamete is present
can be spontaneous when DNA is copied incorrectly

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24
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

occur when whole sections of chromosomes are duplicated or deleted

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25
gene mutations
changes in the order of nucleotides in DNA
26
viruses
causes 10-15% of cancers worldwide oncogenes (cancer genes)
27
apoptosis
cell self-destruction if mutated
28
types of viral cancers
HPV-> cancer in reproductive areas hep B and C-> liver cancer epstein-barr virus (mono)-> B cell lymphoma (affects lymphocytes), Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma leukemia-> T cell leukemia herpes-> kaposi's sarcoma cytomegalovirus-> lymphomas and leukemia
29
chemical carcinogens
tobacco smoke alcohol formaldehyde benzene pesticides
30
number one cancer in men
prostate
31
number one cancer in female
breast
32
number one cancer
lung
33
estrogen dominance
imbalance of estrogen to progesterone estrogen stimulates cell division in breast and endometrial tissue 35% reduction from age 35-50 can be caused by BPA, water systems, phytoestrogens, synthetic estrogens
34
progesterone
75% reduction from ages 35-50
35
menopause
high estrogen levels compared to progesterone
36
radiation
causes mutations in DNA that can cause cancer cosmic rays, uranium, UV
37
uranium
number one cause of lung cancer naturally decays to radon
38
SPF recommendations
30 blocks 97% of UVB
39
cancer
1 in 3 people in the US develop cancer do not exhibit contact inhibition do not self-destruct must occur in 2 genes before it s classified as cancer 2nd leading cause of death in industrialized countries tobacco use and unhealthy diet account for 2/3 of all cancer deaths
40
tumor
neoplasm or new growth
41
benign tumor
abnormal mass of tissue surrounded by the capsule of CT remains in site it forms can be removed via surgery
42
malignant tumor
will invade surrounding tissue cancerous metastasis-> spreads to multiple locations via blood and lymph
43
4 stages of cancer development
1. dysplasia in tissues of precancerous cells 2. carcinoma-> cancer 3. development of blood supply 4. metastasis
44
dysplasia
abnormal shape unusually large nuclei form disorganized clump may have extra chromosomes or lack some of them precancerous
45
carcinoma
cancer in place tiny mass (1 mm in diameter) attracts blood supply (vessels form an escape route for tumor cells) metastasis-> chemo used at this point
46
tumor suppressor genes
detects cell damage and initiates apoptosis inhibit cell division ex: p53
47
mutated RAS
hyperactivated cell division pancreatic cancers causes tissue growth factor or tumor growth factor to receive signal-> uncontrollable growth
48
RAS proteins
important for normal cell development drive growth, proliferation, and mitigation of cells switch between active GTP and inactive GDP in order to control cell growth
49
GTP
functions in protein synthesis and cell signaling
50
mitogen
bioactive protein that induces a cell to begin cell division, or enhances the rate of division
51
MAPK
mitogen activated protein kinase signaling cascades are key signaling pathways involved in regulation of normal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation
52
EGFR
epidermal growth factor receptor protein part of the cell signaling pathway to control cell division
53
mutated tumor suppressor genes
uncontrolled cell division Ex: no brakes in car
54
contact inhibition
divide until form a single layer of cells stop dividing when contact a neighbor
55
growth factors
remove waste deliver nutrients deliver additional GFs that spur tumor growth serve as routes where cancer cells can leave and spread to other locations
56
CAM
cell adhesion molecules cancer cells release enzymes that break these down so they can break free
57
NK and cytotoxic T cells
kill cancer cells that develop in our bodies everyday
58
metastasis
cancer cells can leave the original tumor and either enter the CV or lymphatic systems and travel to distant sites circulatory patterns often explain patterns of metastasis Ex: normal blood leaving the intestine travels to the liver so colon cancer typically spreads to the liver
59
controls of cell development
there are controls that tell a cell when and how often to divide, when to self destruct, and when to stay in place normal cells have a system of damage control (detect, assess, and repair damage, apoptosis, and tumor suppressor genes)
60
research key
regulation of MAPK signaling cascades contribute to cancer and other human diseases the EGFR-RAS-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling network has been subject of research to identify target based approaches for cancer treatment
61
point mutation
DNA is misspelled
62
mutations in proto-oncogenes
increase speed of cell division Ex: stuck accelerator of car
63
oncogenes
send false messages to nucleus saying that the cell is attached in terms of CAMs

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