Ch. 14

Question 1

inadequate intakes of ____ during pregnancy are associated with neural tube defects in the fetus

Answer 1

folate

Question 2

the point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the perm is

Answer 2

conception

Question 3

substances that lead to birth defects are called

Answer 3

teratogens

Question 4

what is not a benefit of breastfeeding for the infant

Answer 4

the fat in breast milk is difficult for the infant to digest

Question 5

the inner portion of the zygote that implants in the uterine lining is called the _____

Answer 5

blastocyst

Question 6

from the third month of pregnancy until birth the developing human is called a

Answer 6

fetus

Question 7

what is not a reason infants are at higher risk of dehydration than adults

Answer 7

infants have kidneys that produce highly concentrated urine

Question 8

the average weight and height for a healthy newborn in the US is _____ pounds and 18-22 inches long

Answer 8

7 1/2

Question 9

a low birth weight infants is one that weighs less than _____ pounds

Answer 9

5.5

Question 10

what trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens

Answer 10

first

Question 11

recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the

Answer 11

mother’s weight before becoming pregnant

Question 12

what is false regarding calcium needs during pregnancy

Answer 12

the extra demand for calcium during pregnancy has been shown to cause bone demineralization and increase the risk of future fractures

Question 13

during the second and third trimesters, the caloric needs of a pregnant woman increase by 350 to ____ kilocalories per day

Answer 13

450

Question 14

which faty acid is critical to fetal brain and eye development

Answer 14

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Question 15

rich dietary sources of DHA include

Answer 15

mackerel and salmon

Question 16

to avoid _____ contamination during pregnancy, fish consumption should not exceed 12oz a week

Answer 16

mercury

Question 17

it is suggested that ____ percent of neural tube defects could be prevented if all women of childbearing age consumed adequate amounts of folate or folic acid

Answer 17

70

Question 18

at what point during pregnancy is adequate folate most important

Answer 18

during the first four weeks after concption

Question 19

macrocytic anemia results from a deficienc of

Answer 19

vitamin b12

Question 20

what is false regarding vitamin b12 during pregnancy

Answer 20

the RDA for vitamin b12 doubles during pregnancy

Question 21

during pregnancy excess consumption of ______ is associated with birth defects

Answer 21

vitamin a

Question 22

fetal demand for iron is highest during the

Answer 22

third trimester

Question 23

with the exception of ____, most of a pregnant womans nutrient needs can be met by consuming a nutrient dense diet

Answer 23

iron

Question 24

what enhances the absorption of iron

Answer 24

vitamin c

Question 25

the american academy of pediatrics recommends that all breast fed infants be given a ____ supplement to decrease the risk of developing rickets

Answer 25

vitamin d

Question 26

a normal weight woman should gain approximately 25 to _____ pounds during pregnancy

Answer 26

35

Question 27

the primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux and constipation during pregnancy is

Answer 27

relaxation of the smooth muscles

Question 28

what is not associated with gestational diabetes

Answer 28

delivery of a low birth weight infant

Question 29

what is not a symptom of preeclampsia

Answer 29

unexplained and rapid weight loss

Question 30

the only thing that will "cure" eclampsia is

Answer 30

delivery of the infant

Question 31

during pregnancy what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe

Answer 31

none

Question 32

during the first six months of lactation, the daily caloric needs of the mother increase by _____ calories as compared to prepregnancy levels

Answer 32

330

Question 33

the hormones that prepare the breasts physically for lactation are estrogen and

Answer 33

prolactin

Question 34

the stimulus that is needed for continued and sustained production of breast milk is

Answer 34

infant suckling

Question 35

what hormone is referred to as the "let down" hormone

Answer 35

oxytocin

Question 36

milk that is low in fat and produced first in a nursing session is known as

Answer 36

foremilk

Question 37

what is not a maternal benefit of breastfeeding

Answer 37

shortens the intervals between pregnancies

Question 38

what is not good advice to give to a parent regarding the introduction of solids to their six month old infant

Answer 38

add honey to cereal and fruit to improve infant acceptance of these new foods

Question 39

why are newborn infants given a single injetion of vitamin K

Answer 39

the infants intestinal bacteria are not yet able to synthesize vitamin K

Question 40

why is it strongly recommened that infants not consume honey

Answer 40

honey contains spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum