Ch. 9

Question 1

the spongy bone that is found within the ends of long bones is called _____

Answer 1

trabecular

Question 2

what is false about trabecular bone

Answer 2

it comprises approximately 80% of the skeleton

Question 3

when does bone growth and modeling start

Answer 3

during fetal development

Question 4

bone _____ refers to the two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled

Answer 4

remodeling

Question 5

bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption are called _____

Answer 5

osteoclasts

Question 6

in addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining _____

Answer 6

blood calcium levels

Question 7

at what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation

Answer 7

40

Question 8

a T-score between +1 and -1 on a DXA signifies _____

Answer 8

normal bone density

Question 9

Marie is 55 years old and just had her first DXA assessment. The results indicated that she has a T-score of -1.5. What does her T-score indicate?

Answer 9

Compared to a 30 year old healthy adult, she has low bone mass

Question 10

which of the following techniques can assess the risk of fracture

Answer 10

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

Question 11

what is the most abundant mineral in our body

Answer 11

calcium

Question 12

what is false concerning calcium

Answer 12

99% of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue

Question 13

what is not a function of calcium

Answer 13

promotes osteoclasts to break down bone

Question 14

the average person will absorb no more than _____mg of calcium at one time

Answer 14

500

Question 15

assuming equal serving sizes, which of the following foods would be the poorest source of calcium

Answer 15

cheddar cheese

Question 16

the process called bone _____ determines the shape of bones

Answer 16

modeling

Question 17

what is not a role that calcitonin plays when blood calcium levels are elevated

Answer 17

calcitonin stimulates the action of vitamin d

Question 18

if a healthy individual were to consume too much calcium from the diet, what is most likely to occur

Answer 18

their gastrointestinal tract would limit the absorption of calcium

Question 19

what organ is responsible for the synthesis of vitamin d

Answer 19

skin liver and kidneys (all of the above)

Question 20

where do humans obtain vitamin d

Answer 20

sunight

Question 21

the primary active form of vitamin d in the human body is _____

Answer 21

calcitriol

Question 22

what is our primary dietary source of vitamin d

Answer 22

milk

Question 23

vitamin d toxicity is associated with _____

Answer 23

supplements

Question 24

calcitonin is a hormone secreted b the _____ gland

Answer 24

thyroid

Question 25

individuals who have diseases that result in the malabsorption of _____ are at risk for a vitamin d deficiency

Answer 25

fat

Question 26

insufficient vitamin d during adulthood is associated with _____

Answer 26

osteomalacia

Question 27

what factor can not inhibit the synthesis of vitamin d

Answer 27

fair skin

Question 28

vitamin K serves as a _____ to various enzyes involved in the coagulation of blood

Answer 28

coenzyme

Question 29

newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin k at birth due to the fact that _____

Answer 29

newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin k

Question 30

vitamin k's primary role in the body is _____

Answer 30

blood clotting

Question 31

in addition to dietary sources, vitamin K is produced in our _____

Answer 31

large intestine

Question 32

formed in our bones, hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes comprised of calcium and _____

Answer 32

phsphorus

Question 33

what food is high in phosphorus

Answer 33

meat

Question 34

when blood calcium levels fall, what does not occur

Answer 34

PTH and vitamin d stimulate osteoblasts to break down bone

Question 35

most of the body's phosphorus is stored in _____

Answer 35

the skeleton

Question 36

what food is a good source of magnesium

Answer 36

green leafy vegetables

Question 37

how can we increase our absorption of dietary magnesium

Answer 37

eat a high-protein diet

Question 38

the majority of our body's flouride is stored in _____

Answer 38

the skeleton

Question 39

fluorosis is associated with _____

Answer 39

consuming too much fluoride

Question 40

the individual with the highest risk of developing a viamin d deficiency is an _____

Answer 40

elderly institutionalized adult who consumes no milk and receives little or no sun exposure

Question 41

the majority of the body's magnesium is found in the _____

Answer 41

bones

Question 42

what is a poor source of dietary magnesium

Answer 42

refined grain products

Question 43

the hormone that assists in maintaining blood calcium levels by stimulating the activation of vitamin d is _____

Answer 43

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 44

what factor does not contribute to low bone density in the adult years

Answer 44

early onset of menarche in females

Question 45

phosphorus consumption has increased approximately 10-15% over the past 30 years. this is largely due to the increase consumption of _____

Answer 45

processed foods